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Volume 15
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10.3390/nano15020120
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Article

Effect of Sodium Sulfate Solution Coupled with Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Properties of Nano-Alumina-Modified Concrete

by
Kai Gao
1,2,3,4,
Dun Chen
1,2,3,4,*,
Chunqing Li
5,*,
Guoyu Li
1,2,3,4,
Yuncheng Mao
5,
Xuyang Wu
1,2,
Anshuang Su
6,
Hang Zhang
7 and
Xu Wang
8
1
State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering/Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
International Research Center for China-Mongolia-Russia Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
4
Da Xing’anling Observation and Research Station of Frozen-Ground Engineering and Environment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jagdaqi 165000, China
5
School of Civil Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
6
Heilongjiang Provincial Hydraulic Research Institute, Harbin 150080, China
7
Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Company Limited, Harbin 150030, China
8
Heilongjiang Transportation Information and Science Research Center, Harbin 150080, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15020120
Submission received: 13 December 2024 / Revised: 31 December 2024 / Accepted: 12 January 2025 / Published: 15 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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Abstract

The degradation of concrete caused by sulfate attack poses a significant challenge to its durability. Using nanomaterials to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete is a promising solution. A study of the durability of nano-alumina (NA)-modified concrete by sulfate erosion was carried out. The results showed that the compressive strength, quality, and permeability of concrete to chloride ions decreased during its long-term erosion by a sodium sulfate solution. The NA-modified concrete exhibited higher resistance to erosion by the sodium sulfate than ordinary concrete (OPC), the rate of reduction in its tensile strength was low, and the resistance of sample NA1 to penetration by chloride ions decreased only by one-fifth compared with that of OPC. The results of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests showed that erosion had severely damaged the pore characteristics and micromorphology of concrete. The total porosities of the OPC and NA1 samples increased from 12.68% and 10.29% to 16.03% and 12.71%, respectively. Their microscopic morphology revealed loose particles and poor compactness. The leading causes of damage to concrete due to erosion by the sodium sulfate were its crystallization pressure and the swelling-induced stress caused by the deposition of crystals in its pores. This study demonstrates that NA can significantly enhance the durability of concrete against sulfate attack, offering valuable insights for strategic applications of NA in concrete materials.
Keywords: concrete; sodium sulfate; strength; microstructure; crystallization pressure; structure damage concrete; sodium sulfate; strength; microstructure; crystallization pressure; structure damage

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, K.; Chen, D.; Li, C.; Li, G.; Mao, Y.; Wu, X.; Su, A.; Zhang, H.; Wang, X. Effect of Sodium Sulfate Solution Coupled with Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Properties of Nano-Alumina-Modified Concrete. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15020120

AMA Style

Gao K, Chen D, Li C, Li G, Mao Y, Wu X, Su A, Zhang H, Wang X. Effect of Sodium Sulfate Solution Coupled with Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Properties of Nano-Alumina-Modified Concrete. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(2):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15020120

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Kai, Dun Chen, Chunqing Li, Guoyu Li, Yuncheng Mao, Xuyang Wu, Anshuang Su, Hang Zhang, and Xu Wang. 2025. "Effect of Sodium Sulfate Solution Coupled with Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Properties of Nano-Alumina-Modified Concrete" Nanomaterials 15, no. 2: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15020120

APA Style

Gao, K., Chen, D., Li, C., Li, G., Mao, Y., Wu, X., Su, A., Zhang, H., & Wang, X. (2025). Effect of Sodium Sulfate Solution Coupled with Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Properties of Nano-Alumina-Modified Concrete. Nanomaterials, 15(2), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15020120

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