Nanomaterials

10 pages, 2078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrafast Investigation of Multiple Strong Coupling System Based on Monolayer MoS₂-Ag Nanodisk Arrays

by Jia Zhang, Yuxuan Chen, Leyi Zhao, Menghan Xu and Hai Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050339 - 9 Mar 2026

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A multiple strong coupling system comprising monolayer MoS₂ and Ag nanodisk (Ag-ND) arrays is investigated using transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. By tuning the diameter and period of the Ag-NDs arrays, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances are made to simultaneously overlap with [...] Read more.

A multiple strong coupling system comprising monolayer MoS₂ and Ag nanodisk (Ag-ND) arrays is investigated using transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. By tuning the diameter and period of the Ag-NDs arrays, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances are made to simultaneously overlap with the A (~660 nm) and B (~608 nm) excitons of monolayer MoS₂. As a result, three distinct negative ground-state bleaching (GSB) peaks, corresponding to the upper (UP), middle (MP), and lower (LP) hybrid polariton states, were observed in the TA spectra. This confirms that a multiple strong coupling regime was achieved with both the A and B excitons of monolayer MoS₂ and SPPs modes, which was also highlighted by the anti-crossing behavior across varied Ag-NDs arrays parameters. Finally, by adding an insulating spacer layer of Al₂O₃ film, the coupling strength can be modulated from a strong coupling regime to a weak coupling regime. These results reveal a multi-exciton–plasmon strong coupling system and establish a versatile platform for ultrathin polaritonic devices, including polariton lasers and all-optical switches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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14 pages, 6290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Wavefront Manipulation Enabled with VO₂-Based Reflective Terahertz Metasurfaces

by Ruifan Huang, Shangchu Shi, Mohan Sun, Rui Yang, Yizhen Lin, Mingzhong Wu, Mingze Zhang, Sergey Maksimenko and Xunjun He

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050338 - 9 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Dynamic wavefront control plays a crucial role in advancing terahertz (THz) high-precision non-destructive testing, wireless communication and high-resolution imaging. However, existing approaches to THz dynamic wavefront control suffer from inherent limitations, such complex structures, narrow operational bandwidth, and the ability to tune only [...] Read more.

Dynamic wavefront control plays a crucial role in advancing terahertz (THz) high-precision non-destructive testing, wireless communication and high-resolution imaging. However, existing approaches to THz dynamic wavefront control suffer from inherent limitations, such complex structures, narrow operational bandwidth, and the ability to tune only a single function, significantly restricting their practical applications. To overcome these challenges, we propose a dynamic reflective THz metasurface based on nested split-ring unit cells. The nested unit cell consists of an outer double-split VO₂ ring resonator and an inner single-split aluminum ring deposited on a central VO₂ circular patch. By, respectively, rotating the inner and outer rings in the insulator and metal states of VO₂, independent full 2π phase coverage at 1.07 THz can be achieved in both VO₂ states while maintaining high polarization-conversion efficiency with a PCR exceeding 0.98, thereby enabling efficient dynamic wavefront control. Using these unit cells, we constructed three distinct reflective metasurfaces that, respectively, generate broadband focusing beams with tunable focal lengths, broadband vortex beams with different topological charges, and a broadband beam that can be switched between focusing and vortex modes by changing the state of VO₂. The design offers considerable flexibility for developing compact, multifunctional THz devices, with promising potential for integrated THz systems, high-capacity communications, and high-resolution imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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14 pages, 3469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Fabrication and Performance of Porous Silicon Electron Emission Devices via Functional Layer Resistivity Modulation

by Jinxin Dong, Xiaojing Huyan, Fangzhou Luo, Guanyang Zhang, Qiang Liu, Yawen Li, Tianbao Hu, Yongxun Liu, Shinan Wang and Wenjie Yu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050337 - 9 Mar 2026

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Abstract

To improve the process controllability and fabrication uniformity of porous silicon (PS)-based electron emission devices (EEDs), we employed an epitaxial (epi) silicon film as the functional layer, leveraging its advantages of high crystalline quality and flexibility of resistivity modulation regardless of the substrate. [...] Read more.

To improve the process controllability and fabrication uniformity of porous silicon (PS)-based electron emission devices (EEDs), we employed an epitaxial (epi) silicon film as the functional layer, leveraging its advantages of high crystalline quality and flexibility of resistivity modulation regardless of the substrate. Precise modulation of the epi film resistivity was achieved via ion implantation. We investigated the effects of resistivity modulation on the fabrication process and device performance. This scheme enabled the formation of PS through electrochemical etching without illumination, and therefore etch self-termination. As a direct result, the etching uniformity in both the vertical and horizontal directions is enhanced. It then facilitated the optimization of the oxidation of the PS surface, which is essential for EED performance. The devices exhibited a maximum electron emission current density (J_e) of 80 μA/cm² with high stability. Driven under DC mode at a bias voltage (V_ps) of 23 V, J_e decreased temporarily to 28 μA/cm² after 4 h of continuous operation. This study provides a new feasible approach for research on PS EEDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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4 pages, 155 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Microstructure Semiconductor Materials and Optoelectronic Applications

by Zhou Wang and Xiaoyan Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050336 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 286

Abstract

As information technology advances relentlessly toward higher speed, lower power consumption and higher integration, conventional bulk materials and planar device structures are confronting a series of fundamental limitations [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure Semiconductor Materials and Optoelectronic Applications)

11 pages, 1663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamically Reconfigurable XNOR/IMP Logic Based on Dual-Mechanism Operation in an Electrically Tunable Two-Dimensional Heterojunction

by Yuting He, Jinbao Jiang, Feng Xiong and Zhihong Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050335 - 9 Mar 2026

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Reconfigurable logic is crucial for future adaptive computing, but is challenging to realize with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology due to the limited field-effect characteristics of the fundamental silicon devices. Two-dimensional materials offer a promising platform, yet enhancing their functional versatility requires novel operational [...] Read more.

Reconfigurable logic is crucial for future adaptive computing, but is challenging to realize with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology due to the limited field-effect characteristics of the fundamental silicon devices. Two-dimensional materials offer a promising platform, yet enhancing their functional versatility requires novel operational mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a single WSe₂/h-BN/graphene heterojunction capable of dynamically switching between distinct logic functions—XNOR and IMP (implication gate or “IF-THEN” gate)—simply by modulating the drain-source voltage. At a low bias of 0.3 V, the carrier distribution is governed by capacitive coupling, realizing an XNOR gate. Increasing the bias to 3 V activates Fowler–Nordheim tunneling between the graphene floating gate and the drain, enabling IMP logic operation. The interplay and voltage-induced transition between these two physical mechanisms underpin the device’s multifunctional capability. This work introduces a novel operational strategy for two-dimensional material-based reconfigurable logic, providing a pathway toward compact, adaptive hardware for post-CMOS computing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Heterostructures: Synthesis, Processing, and Device Applications)

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25 pages, 5578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Chlorella sp. for Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Effects of Breast Cancer Cell Line

by Piyapan Manklinniam, Weerawat Pornroongruengchok, Saranya Phunpruch, Adisorn Phaepilin, Grissana Pook-In, Atchariya Yosboonruang, Sarinrat Wonglee, Piyanud Thongjerm and Worakrit Worananthakij

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050334 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 522

Abstract

Microwave-assisted biosynthesis using marine Chlorella sp. extracts provides a green and efficient route for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Compared with the conventional method (24 h), microwave-assisted synthesis reduces the reaction time to less than 7 min while producing smaller and more [...] Read more.

Microwave-assisted biosynthesis using marine Chlorella sp. extracts provides a green and efficient route for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Compared with the conventional method (24 h), microwave-assisted synthesis reduces the reaction time to less than 7 min while producing smaller and more uniformly distributed nanoparticles. AgNPs were synthesized using extracts obtained with different solvents and directly compared with those produced via the conventional method to substantiate the efficiency of the microwave-assisted approach. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed rapid nanoparticle formation, exhibiting surface plasmon resonance peaks in the range of 405 to 427 nm. TEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs with particle sizes of approximately 10 to 20 nm. The XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed their crystalline structure and stabilization by algal-derived functional groups. The biological activities of the AgNPs were dependent on the extraction solvent. AgNPs synthesized using hexane extracts exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity, achieving minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.31 µg/mL. In addition, the AgNP induced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cell lines. IC₅₀ values, determined via dose–response analysis, ranged from 0.18 to 0.67 μg/mL in MDA-MB-231 cells and 1.70 to 8.42 μg/mL in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate a potent cytotoxic profile, with MDA-MB-231 cells exhibiting significantly higher sensitivity to the microwave-assisted formulations. Collectively, these findings highlight microwave-assisted algal-mediated biosynthesis as a sustainable and effective platform for generating bioactive AgNPs with promising antibacterial and anticancer potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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19 pages, 7760 KB

Open AccessArticle

XRD and Molecular Dynamics Insights into Lattice Behavior of Oxide Nanocatalysts: The Case of CeO₂

by Sirisha Subbareddy, Marcelo Augusto Malagutti, Himanshu Nautiyal, Narges Ataollahi and Paolo Scardi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050333 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Nanocrystalline CeO₂ exhibits size-dependent lattice distortions linked to defect chemistry and surface effects. However, the relationships between the oxidation state, surface interactions, and nanoparticle structure remain unclear in the existing literature, particularly when inferred from conventional nanoparticle diffraction techniques, including powder X-ray [...] Read more.

Nanocrystalline CeO₂ exhibits size-dependent lattice distortions linked to defect chemistry and surface effects. However, the relationships between the oxidation state, surface interactions, and nanoparticle structure remain unclear in the existing literature, particularly when inferred from conventional nanoparticle diffraction techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction. As a result, the atomistic origin of lattice expansion or contraction with the crystallite size of ceria nanoparticles is still debated. Here, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data are analyzed using Rietveld refinement supported by advanced peak profile modeling based on whole powder pattern modeling (WPPM), including thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). The latter provides direct access to information on lattice dynamics. Indeed, we simultaneously determine the size distributions of crystalline domains and their atomic displacements, which are then compared and quantitatively validated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Reactive MD simulations further reveal that vacancy-rich surfaces induce lattice contraction at small particle sizes under vacuum, whereas water adsorption causes surface hydroxylation and lattice expansion. These results explain lattice parameter variations in nanocrystalline ceria through the interplay of surface chemistry and environment. This insight is critical for the correct interpretation of diffraction-derived structural parameters in oxide nanocatalysts used in redox and oxygen storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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11 pages, 2984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Application of Diamond Film in Chemical Mechanical Polishing

by Yibao Wang, Xueyu Zhang, Fengxiang Guo, Mei Zhang, Xiaoling Sun, Lili Zhang, Guangsen Xia, Xu Chai, Shaoyan Wang, Xuesong Zhou and Zhigang Gai

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050332 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 311

Abstract

Polishing pad conditioners are of critical importance in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), acting as a key determinant of CMP efficiency and an indispensable consumable in the polishing process. In addition to acid–alkali resistance and outstanding stability, stringent requirements are also imposed on the [...] Read more.

Polishing pad conditioners are of critical importance in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), acting as a key determinant of CMP efficiency and an indispensable consumable in the polishing process. In addition to acid–alkali resistance and outstanding stability, stringent requirements are also imposed on the physical properties of conditioners, including high hardness and wear resistance. Diamond films, with their exceptional comprehensive performance, can satisfactorily fulfill these demanding specifications. In this work, to investigate the bonding strength and wear resistance of diamond films deposited on a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate, four groups of diamond films with distinct processing parameters were synthesized via hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) on SiC substrates. Nano-scratch tests were employed to characterize the bonding strength at the diamond film/SiC substrate interface, while wear tests under humid conditions with a 500 g load, accompanied by in-depth analysis of the associated wear mechanisms, were conducted. The results demonstrate that diamond films exhibit tremendous application potential as CMP pad conditioners in CMP processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites)

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11 pages, 2076 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metal-Ion-Intercalated MXene for Enhanced Capacitance in Supercapacitors

by Yuhan Zhou and Qiu Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050331 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 510

Abstract

MXenes are high-performance pseudocapacitive materials known for their excellent conductivity, large surface area and fast redox reactions occurring at the surface. Despite these advantages, their practical application is hindered by the tendency of MXene nanosheets to aggregate and restack, which significantly compromises cycling [...] Read more.

MXenes are high-performance pseudocapacitive materials known for their excellent conductivity, large surface area and fast redox reactions occurring at the surface. Despite these advantages, their practical application is hindered by the tendency of MXene nanosheets to aggregate and restack, which significantly compromises cycling stability. In this work, post-delamination metal-ion intercalation was employed to successfully expand the interlayer spacing of Ti₃C₂ while simultaneously optimizing its surface functional groups. Benefiting from the enlarged interlayer spacing and improved surface chemistry, the Mn-intercalated MXene (Mn–MXene) delivers a high specific capacitance of 285 F g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ in 1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte, which represents a 26% enhancement compared with pristine Ti₃C₂. Notably, Mn–MXene exhibits nearly 100% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical and Electrocatalysis Performance of Functional Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 3045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into the Mechanism of MXene Electrodes in Alkali Metal Batteries

by Sunaina Rafiq, Marco Agostini, Muhammad Abdullah Iqbal, Alessandra Gentili, Maria Assunta Navarra, Maria Grazia Betti and Carlo Mariani

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050330 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 461

Abstract

The future growth of alkali metal-based batteries requires an understanding of how ion size affects the exchange mechanisms. In this work, we present a direct, comparative electrochemical study of MXene-based electrodes mechanism vs. lithium (Li⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium [...] Read more.

The future growth of alkali metal-based batteries requires an understanding of how ion size affects the exchange mechanisms. In this work, we present a direct, comparative electrochemical study of MXene-based electrodes mechanism vs. lithium (Li⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺) ions using the same electrochemical conditions. This controlled method enables an extensive investigation of the size-dependent interactions between the MXene structure and alkali metal ions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman analysis of TMAOH-treated Ti₃C₂T_x MXene electrodes show that delamination and cycling alter vibrational modes and the surface chemistry. Voltage profile study reveals diverse storage behaviors: Li⁺ has a prominent intercalation plateau, Na⁺ shows intermediate properties, and K⁺ displays sloping profiles, indicating surface-dominated adsorption. The significant correlation between ionic radius and electrochemical reversibility is shown by long-term cycling data over 300 cycles, which show greater capacity retention and stability for Li⁺ and progressively lower performance for Na⁺ and K⁺. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into MXene–ion interactions and build the foundation for developing MXene-based materials for specific alkali-ion chemistries in next-generation energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)

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18 pages, 1743 KB

Open AccessReview

Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels: From Swelling–Deswelling Mechanisms to Biomedical Applications

by Meyoung-Kon Kim, Junghan Lee and A-Ram Kang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050329 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also referred to as “smart” hydrogels, have emerged as versatile platforms for a wide range of biological and biomedical applications owing to their tunable physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties. Their adaptability arises from both their ability to undergo reversible swelling–deswelling and [...] Read more.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also referred to as “smart” hydrogels, have emerged as versatile platforms for a wide range of biological and biomedical applications owing to their tunable physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties. Their adaptability arises from both their ability to undergo reversible swelling–deswelling and volume phase transitions in response to specific physicochemical or biological stimuli and the diversity of synthesis strategies that enable precise tailoring of material properties to meet distinct biomedical demands. Recent advances have led to the development of novel hydrogel designs with improved swelling–deswelling behavior, enhanced stimulus sensitivity, and superior biocompatibility, thereby expanding their applicability in complex biological environments. Despite this progress, challenges such as precise control over hydrogel size and relatively slow response kinetics remain critical barriers to broader biomedical and clinical translation. Addressing these limitations requires strategies, including reducing hydrogel particle dimensions to accelerate response rates and engineering heterogeneous or highly porous gel architectures to increase functional surface area. This review provides a comprehensive classification of stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on their physical properties and response mechanisms, and summarizes recent innovations in their design, synthesis, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, it discusses emerging approaches to enhance the clinical applicability of smart hydrogels in controlled drug release, targeted gene delivery, biosensor development, and tissue engineering. Overall, continued optimization of swelling–deswelling characteristics and material design will be essential to fully realize the potential of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in precision medicine and advanced therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery)

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16 pages, 4193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Band Structure-Driven Design of a α-CsPbI₃ Ammonia Sensor for Industrial Applications

by Sean Nations, Lavrenty Gutsev, Oleg Prezhdo, Bala Ramachandran, Yuhua Duan and Shengnian Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050328 - 5 Mar 2026

Viewed by 390

Abstract

We investigate the defect-dependent electronic structure and gas-sensing potential of cubic α-CsPbI₃ using first-principles density functional theory and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Among the intrinsic defects, interstitials, vacancies, antisites, and switches studied, the I_Pb and Pb_I antisite defects exhibit transition energy [...] Read more.

We investigate the defect-dependent electronic structure and gas-sensing potential of cubic α-CsPbI₃ using first-principles density functional theory and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Among the intrinsic defects, interstitials, vacancies, antisites, and switches studied, the I_Pb and Pb_I antisite defects exhibit transition energy levels near the middle of the band gap, thus functioning as deep traps. Short-term adsorption of ammonia selectively modifies the electronic structure, coordinating with Pb at Pb_I sites and Cs at I_Pb sites, significantly altering recombination pathways. Detailed analysis reveals that NH₃ reduces anharmonicity at I_Pb defects, enabling enhanced recombination at elevated temperatures, while trap-assisted recombination dominates at room temperature. Other analytes, including CH₃NH₂ and NO₂, show negligible impact on the band gap or recombination dynamics, highlighting the potential selectivity of NH₃ interactions. Ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K and 600 K further demonstrate temperature-dependent modulation of carrier lifetimes, with NH₃ accelerating recombination at ambient conditions and suppressing certain pathways at higher temperatures. These findings suggest that α-CsPbI₃ can serve as a selective and sensitive ammonia sensor over a broad temperature range and offer insights for ammonia detection under industrially relevant conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Calculation Study of Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 33925 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of a Free-Standing Bismuth Carbon Nanofiber-Based Composite Anode Integrated with Molybdenum Disulfide for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

by Gaorui Mai, Xin Tian, Zining Mei, Qinglin Deng and Lingmin Yao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050327 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Developing free-standing electrodes without the need of metal current collectors, binders, and conductive additives are essential for promoting the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) to attain higher energy density. In this study, we developed and effectively synthesized a novel three-dimensional free-standing sodium-ion battery [...] Read more.

Developing free-standing electrodes without the need of metal current collectors, binders, and conductive additives are essential for promoting the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) to attain higher energy density. In this study, we developed and effectively synthesized a novel three-dimensional free-standing sodium-ion battery anode material with the composition of Bi@MoS₂@C carbon nanofibers by cleverly utilizing the energy storage advantages of each material. By growing MoS₂ nanospheres on Bi carbon nanofibers and coating them with a carbon layer, this free-standing system achieves both structural optimization and synergistic performance enhancement. Experimental results show that this composite electrode has a remarkably high initial specific capacity of 275.31 mA h g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹, significantly exceeding that of Bi carbon nanofibers (150.6 mA h g⁻¹). Furthermore, it retains a capacity retention of 96.07% after 800 cycles, which significantly exceeds that of pristine MoS₂ (72.33 mA h g⁻¹) as a sodium-ion battery anode. The significant performance improvement originates from the free-standing structural design and synergistic effects of Bi carbon nanofibers, MoS₂ nanospheres and carbon layer, which not only provide 3D electron transport pathways and improved conductivity but also effectively accommodate volume changes during the charging and discharging processes. This work offers a promising and practical strategy for designing high-performance free-standing energy storage electrodes through hybrid mechanisms and synergistic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Energy Storage in Batteries and Devices Through Nanoscale Strategies)

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17 pages, 2028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration-Dependent Enhancement of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties in Hybrid Systems of Perylenediimide and Silver Nanoparticles

by Tarek Mohamed, Majed H. El-Motlak, Fatma Abdel Samad, Mohamed E. El-Khouly and Alaa Mahmoud

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050326 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic dye molecules plays an important role in varied photonic and optoelectronic applications. In this work, we systematically investigate the optical properties of a water-soluble perylenediimide derivative, N,N′-di(2-(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene) perylenediimide (TAIPDI), in the presence of different [...] Read more.

The interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic dye molecules plays an important role in varied photonic and optoelectronic applications. In this work, we systematically investigate the optical properties of a water-soluble perylenediimide derivative, N,N′-di(2-(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene) perylenediimide (TAIPDI), in the presence of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under femtosecond (fs) laser excitation. The AgNPs were synthesized via the laser ablation technique. The influence of AgNP concentration on the linear, fluorescence, and nonlinear optical properties of the TAIPDI dye was explored through UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission measurements, and open- and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques. The Ag NP–TAIPDI dye hybrid systems (Ag@TAIPDI nanocomposites) exhibited pronounced reverse saturable absorption and self-defocusing behavior, indicating a negative nonlinear refractive index. Both the nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index increased markedly with rising AgNP concentration, leading to a significant enhancement in the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Fluorescence studies further revealed a concentration-dependent emission enhancement due to metal-enhanced fluorescence arising from surface plasmon resonance-induced local field amplification. The Ag@TAIPDI nanocomposites also demonstrated strong optical limiting performance, with the limiting threshold decreasing as the AgNP concentration increased. These findings highlight the synergistic role of plasmon–exciton coupling and thermal lensing in enhancing the nonlinear response of such nanocomposites. The results establish AgNPs–TAIPDI dye hybrid systems as promising materials for all-optical switching, optical limiting, and photonic device applications. Full article

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3 pages, 156 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Tayari et al. Progress and Developments in the Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 613

by Faouzia Tayari, Silvia Soreto Teixeira, Manuel Pedro F. Graca and Kais Iben Nassar

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050325 - 5 Mar 2026

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

21 pages, 2306 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Organic Photodetector Performance Using SCAPS 1D Simulation: Enhanced Quantum Efficiency and Responsivity for UV Detection

by Ahmet Sait Alali and Fedai Inanir

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050324 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

This study presents a SCAPS-1D-based numerical optimization of an organic ultraviolet (UV) photodetector employing an FTO/PTB7/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au device architecture. The novelty of this work lies in a simulation-guided, UV-specific optimization strategy that combines thickness engineering, controlled doping, and contact work-function tuning to achieve intrinsic [...] Read more.

This study presents a SCAPS-1D-based numerical optimization of an organic ultraviolet (UV) photodetector employing an FTO/PTB7/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au device architecture. The novelty of this work lies in a simulation-guided, UV-specific optimization strategy that combines thickness engineering, controlled doping, and contact work-function tuning to achieve intrinsic spectral selectivity without external optical filters. We systematically optimize material and device parameters, including active layer thicknesses, donor and acceptor densities, and the metal electrode work function, to enhance responsivity, detectivity, and spectral performance. Simulations identify optimal thicknesses of 1200 nm for PTB7 and 1000 nm for Spiro-OMeTAD, with donor concentrations of 1 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³ and 1 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, respectively. A comparative contact analysis demonstrates that replacing aluminum with gold (Au) forms a near-ohmic back contact, leading to improved hole extraction and suppressed dark current due to favorable energy-level alignment. The optimized device achieves a peak external quantum efficiency of approximately 80% in the 300–400 nm ultraviolet range, with a responsivity up to 0.4 A/W. The UV selectivity originates from the absorption characteristics of PTB7 combined with suppressed long-wavelength charge collection, resulting in a negligible response in the visible–near-infrared region. These results confirm the device’s strong potential for high-sensitivity, solar-blind UV photodetection. By integrating practical material selection with physically consistent SCAPS-1D optoelectronic modeling, this work provides a robust design framework to guide the development of next-generation organic UV photodetectors for environmental sensing, biomedical diagnostics, and wearable optoelectronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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13 pages, 6423 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Giant Magneto-Strictive Material-Based Fabry–Perot Interferometer-Type 3D Vector Magnetic Field Sensor

by Ze Yu, Dongran Liu, Chunbo Su, Yingjie Qiao, Xiaodong Wang and Tao Geng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050323 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 359

Abstract

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a highly sensitive vector magnetic field sensor based on three mutually orthogonal Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs). The orthogonally arranged FPIs are bonded to a giant magneto-strictive material (GMM) block. Under an applied magnetic field, the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a highly sensitive vector magnetic field sensor based on three mutually orthogonal Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs). The orthogonally arranged FPIs are bonded to a giant magneto-strictive material (GMM) block. Under an applied magnetic field, the magneto-strictively induced strain in the GMM block is transferred to the FPIs. Meanwhile, the FPIs, composed of single-mode fiber (SMF)–hollow-core fiber (HCF)–SMF, are further modulated by CO₂ laser, by which the higher sensitivities are obtained. The highest sensitivities of FPIs achieved 245.13, 159.06, and 168.59 pm/mT on the X-Y, X-Z, and Y-Z planes, respectively. By demodulating the distinct wavelength drifts of the three orthogonal FPIs, both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field can be simultaneously determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Advanced Sensing Technologies)

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24 pages, 3929 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual Quantum Dot Fluorescent Probe for Time-Resolved Chemometric Detection of Chloramphenicolin Pharmaceuticals

by Rafael C. Castro, Ricardo N. M. J. Páscoa, João L. M. Santos and David S. M. Ribeiro

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050322 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Dual-emission photoluminescence (PL) nanoprobes provide improved analytical performance to develop a reliable and sensitive sensing platform for quantifying chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical samples, thereby ensuring therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. In this work, a dual-emission PL sensing platform combining carbon dots (CDs) and AgInS [...] Read more.

Dual-emission photoluminescence (PL) nanoprobes provide improved analytical performance to develop a reliable and sensitive sensing platform for quantifying chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical samples, thereby ensuring therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. In this work, a dual-emission PL sensing platform combining carbon dots (CDs) and AgInS₂ quantum dots (QDs) capped with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was developed for the quantitative determination of chloramphenicol, resorting to chemometric methods for data analysis. CDs, CdTe QDs, and AgInS₂ QDs were synthesized and individually evaluated considering their photostability, PL response and kinetics of their interaction with the antibiotic. After this, two dual-emission probes, CDs/MPA-CdTe and CDs/MPA-AgInS₂, were prepared and assessed based on the complementarity of their individual emission features. The obtained kinetic PL dataset was processed using unfolded partial least squares (U-PLS) in order to explore the multidimensional information of the dual-emission systems and to evaluate the performance of both sensing platforms. CDs/MPA-AgInS₂ probe was demonstrated to be the most efficient sensing platform due to its better compromise between sensitivity and photostability, as well as its cadmium-free composition, allowing the implementation of a more environmentally friendly analytical methodology. The optimization of the U-PLS models involved the assessment of the kinetic acquisition time and different spectral regions. The results showed that reliable, sensitive and efficient quantification could be achieved within the first 5 min of interaction and using the full emission spectrum of the sensing probe. Additionally, different interaction mechanisms were observed for each nanomaterial in the combined probe, being static for the CDs/chloramphenicol interaction and dynamic for MPA-AgInS₂/chloramphenicol interaction, which supports the synergetic behavior of the combined probe. The proposed methodology was effectively applied to commercial pharmaceutical formulations, yielding accurate results with good figures of merit. Therefore, this approach can be used as a relevant alternative to existing methodologies for a rapid, robust, and environmentally friendly method for chloramphenicol quantification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dots for Selective Biosensing and Analytical Applications in Complex Matrices)

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20 pages, 5544 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on the Enhancement Mechanism of Fatigue Performance in Titanium Alloys via Laser Shock Peening

by Qun Zu, Jiong Yang, Jiarui Li, Xinxin Qi and Xiao Yang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050321 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 509

Abstract

This paper reviews the enhancement mechanisms of fatigue performance in titanium alloys processed by laser shock peening (LSP). Because of the redistribution of residual stress and micro-crack and pore behavior, micro–nanostructure evolution and surface roughness effect are systematically discussed. LSP induces beneficial compressive [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the enhancement mechanisms of fatigue performance in titanium alloys processed by laser shock peening (LSP). Because of the redistribution of residual stress and micro-crack and pore behavior, micro–nanostructure evolution and surface roughness effect are systematically discussed. LSP induces beneficial compressive residual stresses at the surface, effectively suppressing crack initiation and propagation. Notably, the nanostructures induced by this process—including nanotwins, dislocations, stacking faults, and nanocrystals—collectively enhance the material’s mechanical hardness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Furthermore, LSP reduces porosity, alters pore morphology and alters crack initiation sites, thereby increasing the crack propagation threshold. However, the influence of LSP on material toughness remains a subject of debate. The insights provided herein offer valuable theoretical guidance for the development of high-performance titanium alloys and further optimization of LSP technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)

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17 pages, 1179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for the NOx Reduction

by Patrícia S. F. Ramalho, Olívia S. G. P. Soares, José L. Figueiredo and Manuel F. R. Pereira

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050320 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Nitrogen oxides represent a major source of concern related to atmospheric pollution, causing substantial impacts on human health. One innovative approach to reducing these emissions, and a promising alternative to conventional methods using NH₃, is selective catalytic reduction with carbon (SCR-C). [...] Read more.

Nitrogen oxides represent a major source of concern related to atmospheric pollution, causing substantial impacts on human health. One innovative approach to reducing these emissions, and a promising alternative to conventional methods using NH₃, is selective catalytic reduction with carbon (SCR-C). The aim of this study is the development of carbon-based catalysts that are active in the reduction of NO. For that, carbon nanotubes were subjected to treatments to modify their surface chemistry, including introducing oxygen and nitrogen groups, as well as potassium (K) and copper (Cu) incorporated as metal phases. In their original form, carbon nanotubes do not exhibit catalytic activity in reducing NO. However, catalytic performance is significantly improved by the addition of surface groups and Cu. Adding K to the support notably contributes to increasing the catalytic performance. N-doped carbon nanotubes impregnated with copper and potassium (CNT_M_BM@5Cu5K) achieved complete NO reduction at 360 °C. In this catalytic system, the formation of CO₂ and N₂ was observed and CO was not identified. Furthermore, although N₂O was detected during the reaction, its amount was very low compared to the N₂ and CO₂ products. The stability of this catalyst was investigated over 87 h continuous test, revealing deactivation after 41 h of reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Technological Breakthroughs in SWCNTs, MWCNTs, and Mixed Systems)

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18 pages, 7646 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Transition from Strain Softening to Strain Hardening in Metallic Glasses

by Yongwei Wang, Guangping Zheng and Mo Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050319 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Despite their excellent mechanical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) are significantly hindered by poor plasticity and toughness, which are essential for structural applications. The brittleness arises from the rapid propagation of shear bands (SBs), leading to strain softening and catastrophic failure. Recent advancements in [...] Read more.

Despite their excellent mechanical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) are significantly hindered by poor plasticity and toughness, which are essential for structural applications. The brittleness arises from the rapid propagation of shear bands (SBs), leading to strain softening and catastrophic failure. Recent advancements in microstructural engineering, particularly boundary engineering, such as nano-glass, focus on the utilization of heterogeneous structures to promote the proliferation and delocalization of SBs. Various attempts have been made experimentally to address these issues, but with very limited improvement in tensile strength and toughness. Under tensile loading, micro- or nano-pillar samples exhibit strain softening and continue to undergo plastic deformation after reaching yield or peak stress, especially the nano-glass micro-pillar. Reports on tensile strain-hardening in MG micro-pillars are rare. In this finite element simulation study, we optimize appropriate statistical and spatial distributions of free volume within the microsamples. Both the post-yield strength and the mean tangent modulus increase with progressive gradient structural modifications, thereby inducing a transition from strain-softening to strain-hardening behavior, as well as a concurrent transition from plastic fracture to brittle fracture. We systematically investigate the deformation mechanisms and transition mechanisms of fracture modes, which are closely associated with heterogeneous microstructures and their evolution in MGs. These insights into the transition mechanism could significantly facilitate the design and optimization of MGs to achieve enhanced toughness and strain hardening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metallic Glass Nanocomposites)

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2 pages, 420 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Kammoun et al. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Materials with High Electrical Conductivity Produced by Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite Foil. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 123

by Hela Kammoun, Benjamin D. Ossonon and Ana C. Tavares

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050318 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Error in Figure [...] Full article

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24 pages, 5718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Mg Concentration on Overall Performance of APTES–ZnO/PANI Hybrids Flexible UV Photodetectors

by Lucas Melato, Erence Nkuna, Vusani Maphiri, Daniel Wamwangi, Richard Ocaya and Odireleng Ntwaeaborwa

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050317 - 2 Mar 2026

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles combined with conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) demonstrate promising potential in flexible ultraviolet (UV) photodetection applications. However, the overall performance of undoped ZnO in photodetectors is often limited by high dark current, low responsivity, and detectivity, attributable to [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles combined with conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) demonstrate promising potential in flexible ultraviolet (UV) photodetection applications. However, the overall performance of undoped ZnO in photodetectors is often limited by high dark current, low responsivity, and detectivity, attributable to the high density of intrinsic defects and recombination rates. This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of magnesium (Mg) concentration (

0.5 \leq x \leq 3.0 % m o l)

on the structural and optical properties of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified ZnO/PANI hybrid matrix for ultraviolet (UV) photodetector applications. The novelty of this work lies in the dual strategy of Mg doping and surface modification intended to tailor the optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase wurtzite ZnO. Photoluminescence measurements revealed a significant increase in photoemission intensity with increasing Mg concentration up to a maximum 2.0% mol. Incorporation of Mg remarkably modified the surface morphology and topography of the ZnO/PANI thin film, demonstrating an increase in both surface area and roughness. The Mg-ZnO/PANI photodetector with 1.0% mol of Mg doping concentration demonstrated excellent performance, with responsivity of 2.34 × 10⁻² A/W and detectivity of 1.56 × 10¹⁰ Jones. The effect of Mg doping concentration on the photoemission and photodetection is discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 1334 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Defect Bulk-Germanium-on-Insulator Photodetectors with Resonant Cavity Enhancement at 1550 nm for High-Resolution SWIR Imaging

by Jiale Su, Ben Li, Yuhui Ren, Junhao Du, Xiangliang Duan, Tianyu Dong, Xueyin Su, Tianchun Ye, Xuewei Zhao, Yuanhao Miao and Henry H. Radamson

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050316 - 2 Mar 2026

Viewed by 582

Abstract

High-resolution short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging requires photodetectors (PDs) with simultaneously low dark current and high responsivity. To achieve this goal, we demonstrate low-defect bulk germanium-on-insulator (bulk-GeOI) PDs designed for enhanced 1550 nm absorption and suppressed dark current via a resonant cavity and low-defect [...] Read more.

High-resolution short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging requires photodetectors (PDs) with simultaneously low dark current and high responsivity. To achieve this goal, we demonstrate low-defect bulk germanium-on-insulator (bulk-GeOI) PDs designed for enhanced 1550 nm absorption and suppressed dark current via a resonant cavity and low-defect material platform. Devices were fabricated by direct bonding low-defect bulk Ge and thinning it to ~1300 nm, with an intrinsic layer thickness of only 800 nm. This design avoids epitaxial defects to lower intrinsic dark current while forming a resonant cavity for enhanced responsivity at 1550 nm. Precise doping and Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ bilayer sidewall passivation were employed. From a design perspective, using low-defect bulk Ge minimizes the defects from epitaxial growth and reduces intrinsic dark current, while thinning the Ge layer enhances the resonant cavity effect to improve 1550 nm responsivity. Experimentally, despite the thin absorbing layer, our devices achieved nA-level dark currents (e.g., 18 nA at −1 V for 10 μm devices) alongside high responsivities. Detailed analysis indicates that this dark current is predominantly attributed to surface and sidewall defects from mesa etching, with minimal contribution from low-defect bulk material defects, validating the effectiveness of the bulk-Ge approach in suppressing intrinsic bulk leakage. Optically, the devices achieved high responsivities of 0.85 A/W (1310 nm) and 0.72 A/W (1550 nm), corresponding to external quantum efficiencies of 80.6% and 57.7%, respectively. This work establishes the bulk-GeOI platform as a promising path toward high-performance SWIR PDs, successfully decoupling high responsivity from bulk leakage and paving the way for future gains through refined surface and interface engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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12 pages, 2930 KB

Open AccessArticle

3-Levels Vertically Stacked Si Nanosheet GAA pFETs with Low-Temperature Interface Treatment for Cryogenic Application

by Lewen Qian, Tao Liu, Meicheng Liao, Xinlong Guo, Saisheng Xu, Min Xu and David Wei Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050315 - 2 Mar 2026

Viewed by 679

Abstract

Cryogenic CMOS technology provides a promising approach to surpass the Boltzmann limit and advance Moore’s Law, addressing the increasing demand for high-performance computing. However, at cryogenic temperatures, the subthreshold swing (SS) of the device saturates due to the band-tail effect. This study presents [...] Read more.

Cryogenic CMOS technology provides a promising approach to surpass the Boltzmann limit and advance Moore’s Law, addressing the increasing demand for high-performance computing. However, at cryogenic temperatures, the subthreshold swing (SS) of the device saturates due to the band-tail effect. This study presents a 3-vertically stacked gate-all-around nanosheet (NS) transistor featuring room-temperature O radical interface passivation. This approach leverages the high reactivity of O radicals to minimize etch-induced damage, passivate interface defects, reduce thermal budget, and ensure uniformity in complex 3D structures. Structural characterization revealed a uniform 0.76-nm-thick interface layer, with a surface roughness of 0.103 nm and an interface trap density of 2.72 × 10¹¹ cm⁻²·eV⁻¹ at 300 K. Thereby, the band-tail-induced SS saturation at cryogenic temperatures is effectively mitigated. Experimental results confirm a lower characteristic temperature T_v for reaching the saturation plateau, and a saturated SS of 15.4 mV/dec at 4.5 K. Furthermore, reducing disorder-induced defects substantially suppresses the band tail state-assisted carrier emission, thereby minimizing subthreshold leakage. This enables the device to achieve an off-state current below 1 pA/μm at a temperature under 77 K, reaching 0.18 pA/μm at 4.5 K. Additionally, a reduction in 25.4% in drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), with a 9% boost in transconductance (G_m) peak is achieved at 4.5 K. The enhanced subthreshold switching, reduced leakage, and improved G_m in this interfacial-optimized NS FET strongly supports cryo-CMOS as a viable solution for energy-efficient computing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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12 pages, 2797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Fabrication of Carbon Paper-Supported Fe Catalyst Under Pulse Laser Irradiation for Degradation of Rhodamine B

by Wenhao Bai, Fei Chang, Xiaohan Fan and Wei Tian

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050314 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 518

Abstract

Persistent organic pollutants, such as Rhodamine B (RhB), pose significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of advanced oxidation technologies for effective removal. While heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts are known for their high degradation efficiency, their practical application is often limited by complex [...] Read more.

Persistent organic pollutants, such as Rhodamine B (RhB), pose significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of advanced oxidation technologies for effective removal. While heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts are known for their high degradation efficiency, their practical application is often limited by complex synthesis processes, catalyst detachment, and difficult recovery. This study proposes an innovative laser-induced, one-step synthesis strategy to fabricate metal/carbon nanocomposite catalytic layers directly onto flexible carbon paper. The as-prepared composites exhibit strong interfacial interaction between metal nanoparticles and the carbon matrix, as indicated by XPS analysis, and demonstrate enhanced catalytic activity in the UV/H₂O₂ system. Notably, the integrated composites exhibit exceptional catalytic activity in the UV/H₂O₂ system, achieving complete degradation of a 20 mg/L RhB solution within just 1.5 h. The enhanced performance is attributed to the facilitated Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ cycling and efficient generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), although the underlying charge separation mechanism requires further investigation with techniques such as photoluminescence spectroscopy and transient photocurrent measurements. This work not only demonstrates the high activity and stability of the photo-Fenton catalyst but also provides a green, rapid fabrication approach for the development of efficient and integrable catalytic devices for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing of Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 4160 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sb-Doped SnO₂ Hollow Spheres for Low-Resistance and Highly Selective Xylene Sensors

by Jung-Hoo Seo, Seong-Young Yoon, Sang-Myeong Lee and Seong-Yong Jeong

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050313 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 501

Abstract

It is important to be able to detect xylene with high selectivity and low sensor resistance when monitoring indoor and outdoor air quality. In this study, we report the development of Sb-doped SnO₂ hollow spheres synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for high-performance [...] Read more.

It is important to be able to detect xylene with high selectivity and low sensor resistance when monitoring indoor and outdoor air quality. In this study, we report the development of Sb-doped SnO₂ hollow spheres synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for high-performance xylene detection with significantly reduced sensor resistance. The 2 mol% Sb-doped SnO₂ sensor exhibited a remarkably high response (S_X = 24.0) and selectivity (S_X/S_E = 3.4) toward 5 ppm xylene at 300 °C. Notably, the sensor resistance in air (R_a) was reduced by ~200-fold compared to that of pure SnO₂, reaching a practical level of 38.5 kΩ, which enables cost-effective signal measurement. Furthermore, the 2Sb-SnO₂ sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 50 ppb and rapid response times (4–5 s). These results suggest that Sb doping is a highly effective strategy for engineering low-resistance and highly selective SnO₂ gas sensors. This study could pave the way for a practical approach to designing xylene detection systems for indoor air monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors: Second Edition)

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25 pages, 6498 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine for Sensing Applications

by Hao Wu, Qifubo Geng, Xunjun He, Mingze Zhang and Sergey Maksimenko

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050312 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 582

Abstract

In recent years, metal phthalocyanine (MPc)-based sensors have garnered significant interest for applications in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and industrial process control, owing to their efficient and cost-effective sensing capabilities. In contrast to conventional inorganic materials, MPcs are a class of small-molecule materials [...] Read more.

In recent years, metal phthalocyanine (MPc)-based sensors have garnered significant interest for applications in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and industrial process control, owing to their efficient and cost-effective sensing capabilities. In contrast to conventional inorganic materials, MPcs are a class of small-molecule materials characterized by a stable, π-conjugated macrocyclic framework with a tunable central metal ion. This structural architecture imparts unique physicochemical properties, including high chemical stability, excellent redox activity, structural versatility, considerable dielectric constant and electrical conductivity, along with pronounced optical absorption and excellent environmental stability. By incorporating different metal ions into the macrocyclic core, their functional characteristics can be precisely modulated to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity toward various gas, ion, or biomolecule targets. Leveraging these advantages, MPcs have been extensively utilized in diverse sensing platforms, such as photoelectric, gas, and biosensors. This review outlines recent advances in MPc-based sensor research and provides perspectives on their future development trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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28 pages, 6148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermal Synthesis of CeO₂: Structure–Adsorption Performance Relationship in Methyl Orange Dye Removal

by Fatih Sargin and Funda Ak Azem

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050311 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 425

Abstract

CeO₂ particles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method to investigate the influence
of precursor molarity and reaction time on their structural, optical, and adsorption characteristics. Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O served as the cerium source, while PVP and Triton X-100
[...] Read more.

CeO₂ particles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method to investigate the influence
of precursor molarity and reaction time on their structural, optical, and adsorption characteristics. Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O served as the cerium source, while PVP and Triton X-100
acted as surfactants to regulate nucleation and particle growth. XRD and Raman analyses
confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic fluorite CeO₂, whereas FTIR spectra verified
the presence of Ce–O bonding. SEM observations revealed that a decreasing precursor
molarity led to smaller and more uniform particles, while prolonged reaction times enhanced crystallinity. UV–Vis DRS and XPS analyses indicated that both the band gap
(3.06–3.12 eV) and the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio were governed by oxygen vacancies, demonstrating defect-mediated redox behavior. Adsorption studies using methyl orange (MO) dye followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² > 0.99), indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. The CP1-8 sample exhibited the highest dye removal efficiency (87%) under acidic conditions (pH < pHPZC). These findings demonstrate that controlled hydrothermal synthesis enables precise tuning of CeO₂ morphology, defect density, and surface chemistry, yielding efficient adsorbent materials for environmental remediation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Metal/Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 5418 KB

Open AccessArticle

FeMnO₃: Synthesis, Morphology, Dielectric Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior Toward HER by LSV

by Mukhametkali Mataev, Zamira Sarsenbaeva, Marzhan Nurbekova, Ramachandran Krishnamoorthy, Bahadir Keskin, Moldir Abdraimova, Zhanar Tursyn, Karima Seitbekova and Zhadyra Durmenbayeva

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050310 - 27 Feb 2026

Viewed by 550

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, morphological characteristics, electrical conductivity, dielectric behavior, and electrocatalytic activity of perovskite-structured iron manganite (FeMnO₃), with a specific focus on its performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). FeMnO₃(FMO) nanoparticles (NPs) [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, morphological characteristics, electrical conductivity, dielectric behavior, and electrocatalytic activity of perovskite-structured iron manganite (FeMnO₃), with a specific focus on its performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). FeMnO₃(FMO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a sol–gel-type Pechini method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a crystalline structure with cubic symmetry assigned to the Ia-3 space group, with an average crystallite size of 52.47 nm. FESEM images revealed a relatively uniform morphology with an average particle diameter of 55.84 nm. The redox and oxidation states of Fe and Mn can be studied by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO-O₂) in order to understand oxygen uptake and metal oxidation processes occurring within the FMO lattice. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, electric modulus and electrical conductivity were calculated as a function of frequency and temperature using a Novocontrol Alpha-A broadband dielectric spectrometer (Novocontrol system) coupled with the LCR-800 precision meter. The dielectric data reveal that the FMO has semiconducting behavior with dominant charge- or ionic-relaxation processes. The electrocatalytic activity toward the HER was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), with the working electrode modified by an FMO catalyst ink. The material exhibited significant catalytic activity within the HER potential range, and an increase in the number of cycles led to stabilized current and enhanced hydrogen evolution. These results highlight the stability of FeMnO₃ for hydrogen generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Perovskite-Based Nanomaterials for Semiconductors and Optoelectronics)

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