Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Seeds and Germination in Soil
2.3. Life History Trait Study
2.4. Germination Assay
2.5. Determination of Silver Content in Soil and Plant Tissue—Sample Preparation
2.6. Determination of Silver Content in Soil and Plant Tissue—Quality Assurance/Quality Control
2.7. Soil Nutrient Analysis
2.8. Seeds and Seed Germination in Gel Media
2.9. Detection of Silver in Plant Tissues by Confocal Microscopy
2.10. Detection of Silver Element on Surface of Roots by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chronic Exposure Resulted in Prolonged Vegetative and Shortened Reproductive Growth
3.2. Reproductive Toxicity
3.3. Transport of Ag from Root to Shoot
3.4. Silver Accumulation in Plant Tissues and Remainder in Soil
3.5. Consumption of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen Nutrient
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Silver Nanoparticles Are a Newly Man-Made Abiotic Stressor that Alters the Plant Life Cycle and Subsequent Generations
4.2. Accumulation and Long-Distance Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Arabidopsis Plants
4.3. Stem Cells and Silver Nanotoxicity
4.4. AgNPs May Affect Arabidopsis Plants’ Nutrient Uptake from Soil
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geisler-Lee, J.; Brooks, M.; Gerfen, J.R.; Wang, Q.; Fotis, C.; Sparer, A.; Ma, X.; Berg, R.H.; Geisler, M. Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanomaterials 2014, 4, 301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301
Geisler-Lee J, Brooks M, Gerfen JR, Wang Q, Fotis C, Sparer A, Ma X, Berg RH, Geisler M. Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanomaterials. 2014; 4(2):301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeisler-Lee, Jane, Marjorie Brooks, Jacob R. Gerfen, Qiang Wang, Christin Fotis, Anthony Sparer, Xingmao Ma, R. Howard Berg, and Matt Geisler. 2014. "Reproductive Toxicity and Life History Study of Silver Nanoparticle Effect, Uptake and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana" Nanomaterials 4, no. 2: 301-318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano4020301