Synthesis of Si, N co-Doped Nano-Sized TiO2 with High Thermal Stability and Photocatalytic Activity by Mechanochemical Method
Abstract
:Graphical Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Crystalline Structure, Nanostructure, and Elemental Analysis
3.2. Textural Parameters
3.3. Optical Properties
3.4. Photocatalytic Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pueyo, N.; Miguel, N.; Mosteo, R.; Ovelleiro, J.L.; Ormad, M.P. Synergistic effect of the presence of suspended and dissolved matter on the removal of cyanide from coking wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 2017, 52, 182–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Momeni, M.M.; Nazari, Z. Preparation of TiO2 and WO3–TiO2 nanotubes decorated with PbO nanoparticles by chemical bath deposition process: A stable and efficient photo catalyst. Ceram. Int. 2016, 42, 8691–8697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, C.; Stucchi, M.; Pirola, C.; Lanza, M.; Cerrato, G.; Cappellin, L.; Biasioli, F.; Capucci, V. TiO2 photocatalysis for the abatement of ubiquitous indoor pollutants: Study of the simultaneous degradation of aldehydes. Trends Photochem. Photobiol. 2016, 17, 31–43. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmad, M.; Yingying, S.; Nisar, A.; Sun, H.; Shen, W.; Wei, M.; Zhu, J. Synthesis of hierarchical flower-like ZnO nanostructures and their functionalization by Au nanoparticles for improved photocatalytic and high performance Li-ion battery anodes. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 7723–7729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manshor, H.; Aris, S.M.; Azhar, A.Z.A.; Abdullah, E.C.; Ahmad, Z.A. Effects of TiO2 addition on the phase, mechanical properties, and microstructure of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramic composite. Ceram. Int. 2015, 41, 3961–3967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pillai, S.C.; Periyat, P.; George, R.; McCormack, D.E.; Seery, M.K.; Hayden, H.; Colreavy, J.; Corr, D.; Hinder, S.J. Synthesis of high-temperature stable anatase TiO2 photocatalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1605–1611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, N.; Liu, G.; Zhen, C.; Li, F.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, H.M. Battery performance and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres/graphene composites by template-free self-assembly. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1717–1722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dambournet, D.; Belharouak, I.; Amine, K. Tailored preparation methods of TiO2 anatase, rutile, brookite: Mechanism of formation and electrochemical properties. Chem. Mater. 2009, 22, 1173–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maira, A.; Coronado, J.; Augugliaro, V.; Yeung, K.; Conesa, J.; Soria, J. Fourier transform infrared study of the performance of nanostructured TiO2 particles for the photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene. J. Catal. 2001, 202, 413–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Z.; Orlov, A.; Lambert, R.M.; Payne, M.C. New insights into the origin of visible light photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO2. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 20948–20952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, Y.; Zhou, B.; Li, N.; Liu, L.; Xu, Z.; Li, F.; Li, J.; Mai, W.; Qian, X.; Wu, N. Enhanced dye photocatalysis and recycling abilities of semi-wrapped TiO2@ carbon nanofibers formed via foaming agent driving. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 1711–1718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, W.; Sun, F.; Pan, K.; Tian, G.; Jiang, B.; Ren, Z.; Tian, C.; Fu, H. Well-Ordered Large-Pore Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 with Remarkably High Thermal Stability and Improved Crystallinity: Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1922–1930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reidy, D.J.; Holmes, J.D.; Nagle, C.; Morris, M.A. A highly thermally stable anatase phase prepared by doping with zirconia and silica coupled to a mesoporous type synthesis technique. J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 3494–3500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, P.J.; Chang, H.; Yeh, C.T.; Tsai, C.W. Phase transformation of TiO2 monitored by Thermo-Raman spectroscopy with TGA/DTA. Thermochim. Acta 1997, 297, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawahara, T.; Konishi, Y.; Tada, H.; Tohge, N.; Nishii, J.; Ito, S. A patterned TiO2 (anatase) /TiO2 (rutile) bilayer-type photocatalyst: Effect of the anatase/rutile junction on the photocatalytic activity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2811–2813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umebayashi, T.; Yamaki, T.; Tanaka, S.; Asai, K. Visible light-induced degradation of methylene blue on S-doped TiO2. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 330–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohno, T.; Mitsui, T.; Matsumura, M. Photocatalytic activity of S-doped TiO2 photocatalyst under visible light. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 364–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irie, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Hashimoto, K. Carbon-doped anatase TiO2 powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 772–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asahi, R.; Morikawa, T.; Ohwaki, T.; Aoki, K.; Taga, Y. Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 2001, 293, 269–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sato, S. Photocatalytic activity of NOx-doped TiO2 in the visible light region. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 123, 126–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, S.; Nakamura, R.; Abe, S. Visible-light sensitization of TiO2 photocatalysts by wet-method N doping. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2005, 284, 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, P.C.; Ji, W.W.; Zhong, H.; Li, L.; Zhang, B.; Hao, L.Y.; Xu, X.; Agathopoulos, S. Synthesis, characterization and photo-catalytic performance of meso-porous Si-N co-doped nano-spherical anatase TiO2 with high thermal stability. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 110741–110749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koch, C.C. Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials by Mechanical Milling: Problems and Opportunities. Nanostruct. Mater. 1997, 9, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Nishimura, T.; Hirosaki, N.; Xie, R.J.; Zhu, Y.C.; Yamamoto, Y. New strategies to prepare nano-sized silicon nitride ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2005, 88, 934–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Nishimura, T.; Hirosaki, N.; Xie, R.J.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tanaka, H. Fabrication of β-sialon nano-ceramics by high-energy mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 1569–1573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rongeat, C.; Jansa, I.L.; Oswald, S.; Schultz, L.; Gutfleisch, O. Mechanochemical synthesis and XPS analysis of sodium alanate with different additives. Acta Mater. 2009, 57, 5563–5570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Tang, J.Y.; Nishimura, T.; Hao, L.Y. Synthesis of Ca-α-SiAlON Phosphors by a Mechanochemical Activation Route. Acta Mater. 2011, 59, 1570–1576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.; Jimmy, C.Y. A simple way to prepare C–N-codoped TiO2 photocatalyst with visible-light activity. Catal. Lett. 2009, 129, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, H.; Wada, Y.; Kitamura, T.; Kambe, S.; Murasawa, S.; Mori, H.; Sakata, T.; Yanagida, S. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized anatase and rutile TiO2 using amorphous phase TiO2. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 1694–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakamura, R.; Ueda, K.; Sato, S. In situ observation of the photoenhanced adsorption of water on TiO2 films by surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy. Langmuir 2001, 17, 2298–2300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bezrodna, T.; Puchkovska, G.; Shymanovska, V.; Baran, J.; Ratajczak, H. IR-analysis of H-bonded H2O on the pure TiO2 surface. J. Mol. Struct. 2004, 700, 175–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.-Y.; Boyd, I.W.; O’sullivan, B.; Hurley, P.; Kelly, P.; Senateur, J.-P. Nanocrystalline TiO2 films studied by optical, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2002, 303, 134–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, Y.; Ding, H.; Shan, Y. Preparation and visible light photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO2/graphene nanocomposite. Nanoscale 2011, 3, 4411–4417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rebib, F.; Tomasella, E.; Bêche, E.; Cellier, J.; Jacquet, M. FTIR and XPS investigations of a-SiOxNy thin films structure. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2008, 100, 082034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozaki, H.; Iwamoto, S.; Inoue, M. Effects of amount of Si addition and annealing treatment on the photocatalytic activities of N- and Si-codoped titanias under visible-light irradiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 2287–2293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, Y.D.; Wang, X.C.; Wu, L.; Chen, X.F.; Ding, Z.X.; Wang, X.X.; Fu, X.Z. N-doped SiO2/TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Chemosphere 2008, 72, 414–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, K.; Wang, X.; Guo, X.; He, T.; Feng, Y. Preparation of highly visible light active Fe–N co-doped mesoporous TiO2 photocatalyst by fast sol–gel method. J. Nanopart. Res. 2014, 16, 2246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higashimoto, S.; Hikita, K.; Azuma, M.; Yamamoto, M.; Takahashi, M.; Sakata, Y.; Matsuoka, M.; Kobayashi, H. Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis on Carbon Nitride Deposited Titanium Dioxide: Hydrogen Production from Sacrificial Aqueous Solutions. Chin. J. Chem. 2017, 35, 165–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cong, Y.; Zhang, J.; Chen, F.; Anpo, M. Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanophotocatalyst with high visible light activity. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 6976–6982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasinathan, K.; Kennedy, J.; Elayaperumal, M.; Henini, M.; Malik, M. Photodegradation of organic pollutants RhB dye using UV simulated sunlight on ceria based TiO2 nanomaterials for antibacterial applications. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wakefield, G.; Keron, H.; Dobson, P.; Hutchison, J. Structural and optical properties of terbium oxide nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1999, 60, 503–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lide, Z.; Mo, C.-M. Luminescence in nanostructured materials. Nanostruct. Mater. 1995, 6, 831–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malliga, P.; Pandiarajan, J.; Prithivikumaran, N.; Neyvasagam, K. Influence of film thickness on structural and optical properties of sol–gel spin coated TiO2 thin film. J. Appl. Phys. 2014, 6, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naldoni, A.; Allieta, M.; Santangelo, S.; Marelli, M.; Fabbri, F.; Cappelli, S.; Bianchi, C.L.; Psaro, R.; Dal Santo, V. Effect of Nature and Location of Defects on Bandgap Narrowing in Black TiO2 Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 7600–7603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, P.; Qi, C.; Wen, P.; Hao, L.; Xu, X.; Agathopoulos, S. Synthesis of Si, N co-Doped Nano-Sized TiO2 with High Thermal Stability and Photocatalytic Activity by Mechanochemical Method. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8050294
Wang P, Qi C, Wen P, Hao L, Xu X, Agathopoulos S. Synthesis of Si, N co-Doped Nano-Sized TiO2 with High Thermal Stability and Photocatalytic Activity by Mechanochemical Method. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(5):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8050294
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Peisan, Chunxia Qi, Pengchao Wen, Luyuan Hao, Xin Xu, and Simeon Agathopoulos. 2018. "Synthesis of Si, N co-Doped Nano-Sized TiO2 with High Thermal Stability and Photocatalytic Activity by Mechanochemical Method" Nanomaterials 8, no. 5: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8050294