Assessment of the Suitability of the One-Step Hydrothermal Method for Preparation of Non-Covalently/Covalently-Bonded TiO2/Graphene-Based Hybrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Characterization Methods
2.3. Preparation of TiO2-GO and TiO2-rGO Nanocomposites
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- Preparation method: the hydrothermal method must be considered to be inefficient for preparation of chemically-bonded composites synthesized from commercially available TiO2 and unfunctionalized graphene-related sheets (prepared from graphite). Hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C caused a reduction of GO to rGO in TiO2-GO nanocomposites, however, this phenomena was observed for samples containing 5 wt% of GO.
- Interactions: lack of chemical bands between TiO2 and utilized graphene materials is due to the application of commercial titania from sulphate technology. TiO2 nanoparticles were loaded on GO or rGO flakes;
- Chemical bonding analysis: utilization of at least XPS, FTIR/DRS, and UV-VIS/DRS methods is sufficient to prove the presence of chemical interactions between TiO2 and graphene-based materials. All analysis must be conducted with enhanced caution due to the strong influence of standard measurements on the chemical and electronic structures of graphene.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | Anatase Content (%) | Anatase Parameters | SBET (m2/g) | Vtotal 0.99 (cm3/g) | Vmicro DR (cm3/g) | Vmeso (cm3/g) | Carbon Content (wt%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dA* (nm) | FWHM (°) | |||||||
starting TiO2 | 99 | 12 | 0.79 | 312 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0 |
TiO2-rGO(1 wt%)-M | 99 | 11 | 0.87 | 281 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 1.05 |
TiO2-rGO(5 wt%)-M | 99 | 10 | 0.93 | 268 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 4.54 |
TiO2-rGO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 18 | 0.56 | 94 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.89 |
TiO2-rGO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 16 | 0.61 | 106 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 4.92 |
TiO2-H₂O-rGO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 22 | 0.49 | 83 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 1.07 |
TiO2–H₂O-rGO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 20 | 0.52 | 87 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 4.80 |
TiO2–ButOH-rGO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 19 | 0.53 | 103 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 1.62 |
TiO2–ButOH-rGO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 15 | 0.66 | 111 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 6.27 |
TiO2-GO(1 wt%)-M | 99 | 11 | 0.88 | 253 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.50 |
TiO2-GO(5 wt%)-M | 99 | 11 | 0.88 | 266 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 1.80 |
TiO2-GO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 18 | 0.55 | 93 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.44 |
TiO2–GO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 18 | 0.56 | 98 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 2.50 |
TiO2–H₂O–GO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 22 | 0.47 | 86 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.56 |
TiO2–H₂O–GO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 19 | 0.54 | 100 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 1.99 |
TiO2–ButOH–GO(1 wt%)-A | 99 | 18 | 0.56 | 99 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 1.76 |
TiO2–ButOH–GO(5 wt%)-A | 99 | 15 | 0.67 | 122 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 8.38 |
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Kusiak-Nejman, E.; Moszyński, D.; Kapica-Kozar, J.; Wanag, A.; Morawski, A.W. Assessment of the Suitability of the One-Step Hydrothermal Method for Preparation of Non-Covalently/Covalently-Bonded TiO2/Graphene-Based Hybrids. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090647
Kusiak-Nejman E, Moszyński D, Kapica-Kozar J, Wanag A, Morawski AW. Assessment of the Suitability of the One-Step Hydrothermal Method for Preparation of Non-Covalently/Covalently-Bonded TiO2/Graphene-Based Hybrids. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(9):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090647
Chicago/Turabian StyleKusiak-Nejman, Ewelina, Dariusz Moszyński, Joanna Kapica-Kozar, Agnieszka Wanag, and Antoni W. Morawski. 2018. "Assessment of the Suitability of the One-Step Hydrothermal Method for Preparation of Non-Covalently/Covalently-Bonded TiO2/Graphene-Based Hybrids" Nanomaterials 8, no. 9: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090647