Effect of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Properties and Performance of Polysulfone-Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. GO Preparation
2.3. GO Characterization
2.4. Membrane Fabrication
2.5. Membrane Characterization
2.6. Membrane Testing: Flux and Oil Rejection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. GO Characterization
- GOH has the highest oxygen content and GOS has the lowest oxygen content.
- The carbonyl (C=O) is the dominant oxygen groups in GOS with a content of 28.1%, which is twice or more the carbonyl content of GOH and GOT.
- Epoxy is the dominant oxygen groups in GOH (25%) and GOT (21%) compared to 11.5% for GOS.
3.2. Membrane Characterization
3.2.1. Membrane Hydrophilicity and Surface Charges
3.2.2. Membrane Surface Structure
3.2.3. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Membrane Performance
3.3.1. Water and Oil Flux
3.3.2. Oil Rejection
3.4. Role of GO Doping Concentration
3.5. Role of GO Synthesis Method
3.6. Selection of GO Synthesis Method for Membrane Enhancement
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Atomic % 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
GOS | GOH | GOT | |
C1s C–C/C=C | 14.8 | 7.1 | 10.4 |
C1s C–O (epoxy) | 11.5 | 25.3 | 20.5 |
C1s C=O (carbonyl) | 28.4 | 11.3 | 14.6 |
C1s O–C=O (carboxyl) | 14.2 | 17.3 | 16.9 |
O1s C=O | 22.1 | 23.0 | 26.8 |
O1s C–O | 9.0 | 11.7 | 6.7 |
C/O Ratio | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
GO interlayer spacing (Å) | 7.7 | 8.7 | 9.1 |
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Sali, S.; Mackey, H.R.; Abdala, A.A. Effect of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Properties and Performance of Polysulfone-Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050769
Sali S, Mackey HR, Abdala AA. Effect of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Properties and Performance of Polysulfone-Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(5):769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050769
Chicago/Turabian StyleSali, Safae, Hamish R. Mackey, and Ahmed A. Abdala. 2019. "Effect of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Properties and Performance of Polysulfone-Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes" Nanomaterials 9, no. 5: 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050769