Thermal Recycling Process of Carbon Fibers from Composite Scrap—Characterization of Pyrolysis Conditions and Determination of the Quality of Recovered Fibers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Initial Materials
2.2. Pyrolysis Process and Composite Lamination
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)
2.3.2. Morphological Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2.3.3. Mechanical Strength—Bending Tests
2.3.4. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal Decomposition/Stability of Composites
3.2. Morphological Analysis
3.3. Mechanical Strength—Flexural Tests
3.4. Results of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Name | Carbon Fiber Content [%] | Epoxy Content [%] | Type of Atmosphere |
---|---|---|---|
C-40%-N | 40 | 60 | Nitrogen |
C-60%-N | 60 | 40 | Nitrogen |
C-60%-N-Z 1 | 60 | 40 | Nitrogen |
C-40%-A | 40 | 60 | Air |
C-60%-A | 60 | 40 | Air |
C-60%-A-Z 1 | 60 | 40 | Air |
Epoxy resin | - | 100 | - |
Maximum Temperature [°C] | Type of Atmosphere | Temperature of Onset of Matrix Decomposition [°C] | Temperature of Endset of Matrix Decomposition [°C] | Residual Mass [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
140 | Nitrogen | - | - | 99.82 |
Air | - | - | 99.74 | |
400 | Nitrogen | 304.00 | - | 83.19 |
Air | 251.04 | - | 84.35 | |
500 | Nitrogen | 286.10 | 461.44 | 80.84 |
Air | 254.71 | 458.11 | 77.30 | |
600 | Nitrogen | 279.87 | 461.19 | 77.71 |
Air | 253.02 | 456.83 | 69.94 | |
700 | Nitrogen | 330.16 | 460.85 | 74.41 |
Air | 254.58 | 459.40 | 64.92 |
Annealing Temperature [°C] | Atmosphere | Weight Loss [%] | Residual Mass [%] |
---|---|---|---|
140 | Nitrogen | 0.106 | 99.687 |
Air | 0.261 | 99.555 | |
400 | Nitrogen | 4.601 | 78.584 |
Air | 6.156 | 78.180 | |
500 | Nitrogen | 1.982 | 78.450 |
Air | 6.809 | 50.110 | |
600 | Nitrogen | 3.415 | 74.290 |
Air | 19.877 | 50.110 | |
700 | Nitrogen | 0.223 | 74.203 |
Air | 63.751 | 0.752 |
Sample Name | Modulus [MPa] | Flexural Strength [MPa] | Strain at Flexural Strength [%] |
---|---|---|---|
C-60%-N | 2051.7 ± 97.4 | 53.0 ± 3.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 |
C-40%-N | 227.42 ± 8.7 | 18.8 ± 2.6 | 16.7 ± 1.2 |
C-60%-N-Z 1 | 1834.7 ± 89.6 | 64.3 ± 2.8 | 5.2 ± 0.4 |
C-60%-A | 114.8 ± 10.8 | 14.3 ± 2.2 | 17.1 ± 1.6 |
C-40%-A | 190.4 ± 19.4 | 15.0 ± 3.1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 |
C-60%-A-Z 1 | 322.2 ± 13.2 | 18.3 ± 1.5 | 11.1 ± 0.8 |
Sample Name | Storage Modulus at 22 °C [GPa] | Loss Modulus at 22 °C [GPa] | Temp. at the Max Value of the Tangent of the Angle of Mechanical Loss [°C] |
---|---|---|---|
Epoxy resin | 2.408 ± 0.021 | 0.183 ± 0.010 | 90.264 |
C-40%-N | 0.128 ± 0.013 | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 76.714 |
C-60%-N | 0.615 ± 0.016 | 0.046 ± 0.008 | 63.059 |
C-60%-N-Z 1 | 1.514 ± 0.020 | 0.244 ± 0.013 | 74.094 |
C-40%-A | 0.206 ± 0.009 | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 57.234 |
C-60%-A | 0.069 ± 0.008 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 65.715 |
C-60%-A-Z 1 | 0.336 ± 0.010 | 0.015 ± 0.002 | 72.603 |
Sample Name | Glass Transition Temperature [°C] | |
---|---|---|
Nitrogen | Air | |
Epoxy resin | 76.5 | |
C-40% | 58.2 | 57.2 |
C-60% | 63.1 | 65.7 |
C-60% Z 1 | 66.3 | 53.1 |
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Szatkowski, P.; Twaróg, R. Thermal Recycling Process of Carbon Fibers from Composite Scrap—Characterization of Pyrolysis Conditions and Determination of the Quality of Recovered Fibers. Fibers 2024, 12, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12080068
Szatkowski P, Twaróg R. Thermal Recycling Process of Carbon Fibers from Composite Scrap—Characterization of Pyrolysis Conditions and Determination of the Quality of Recovered Fibers. Fibers. 2024; 12(8):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12080068
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzatkowski, Piotr, and Rafał Twaróg. 2024. "Thermal Recycling Process of Carbon Fibers from Composite Scrap—Characterization of Pyrolysis Conditions and Determination of the Quality of Recovered Fibers" Fibers 12, no. 8: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12080068