Potential Valorization of Banana Production Waste in Developing Countries: Bio-Engineering Aspects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Banana By-Product Utilization
2.1. Utilities
2.2. Animal Feed
2.3. Bioactive Compounds
2.4. Snacks
2.5. Fuel
2.6. Traditional Medicine and Disease Prevention
2.7. Bio-Sorbents
2.8. Natural Preservatives and Antimicrobial Compounds
3. Banana By-Product Utilization Disadvantages
4. Banana By-Products as Fibers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Inflorescence | Leaf Sheaths | Leaf Blade | Petioles/mid rib | Pseudostem | Rachis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabinose | 5.1 m | 7.5 m | 15.5 m | 4.9 m | 9.1 m | 4.1 m |
Cellulose | 15.7 m | 37.3 m | 20.4 | 31.0 m | 34–40 m | 31.0 m |
Galactose | 2.9 m | 2.2 m | 3.8 m | 1.1 m | 2.5 m | 1.7 m |
Glucose | 79.8 m | 74.2 m | 60 m | 68.1 m | 74.0 m | 31.8 m |
Holocellulose | 20.3 m | 49.7 m | 32.1 m | 62.7 m | 60–65 m | 37.9 m |
Lignin | 10.7 m | 13.3 m | 24.3 m | 18.0 m | 12.0 m | 10.5 m |
Mannose | 2.2 m | 1.5 m | 2.3 m | 1.5 m | 1.3 m | 2.9 m |
Rhamnose | 0.7 m | 0.8 m | 0.9 m | 0.8 m | - | 0.7 m |
Xylose | 9.3 m | 13.8 m | 17.5 m | 23.6 m | 13.1 m | 14.0 m |
Ash | 26.1% | 19.0% | 19.4% | 11.6% | 14.0% | 26.8% |
Calcium | 0.6% | 5.5% | 8.0% | 32.3% | 7.5% | 0.6% |
Magnesium | 0.5% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 4.3% | 0.3% |
Phosphorous | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 1.7% |
Potassium | 23.1% | 21.4% | 11.6% | 9.4% | 33.4% | 28.0% |
Silicon | 7.8% | 2.7% | 24.9% | 7.0% | 2.7% | 1.2% |
Pentosans | 8.0 m | 12.4 m | 12.1 m | 16.2 m | - | 8.3 m |
Proteins | 3.2 m | 1.9 m | 8.3 m | 1.6 m | - | 2.0 m |
Starch | 26.3 m | 8.4 | 1.1 m | 0.4 m | - | 1.4 m |
Compound | Peel |
---|---|
Moisture | 83.50% |
Total sugar | 29% |
Cellulose | 8.40% |
Fructose | 6.20% |
Sucrose | 2.60% |
Glucose | 2.40% |
Proteins | 1.80% |
Fat | 1.70% |
Starch | 1.20% |
Maltose | 0% |
Potassium (K) | 78.10 ± 6.580 * mg/100 g |
Manganese (Mn) | 76.20 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Sodium (Na) | 24.30 ± 0.120 mg/100 g |
Calcium (Ca) | 19.20 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Iron (Fe) | 0.61 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Rubidium (Rb) | 0.21 ± 0.050 mg/100 g |
Bromine (Br) | 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Strontium (Sr) | 0.03 ± 0.010 mg/100 g |
Niobium (Nb) | 0.02 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Zirconium (Zr) | 0.02 ± 0.001 mg/100 g |
Phosphorylase I | Phosphorylase II | |
---|---|---|
KCl concentration for extraction | 0.125–0.2 M | 0.25–0.35 M |
Subunit size [kDa] | 90.6 | 112 |
Native molecular weight [kDa] | 155 | 290 |
Affinity | High affinity towards branched glucans | Low affinity towards branched glucans; the highest affinity and specificity for maltopentaose and maltohexaose |
Form | Dimer | Dimer |
Isoelectric point [pH] | 5.0 | N/E |
Other characteristics | Similar to the cytosolic phosphorylases from other plant tissues | N/E |
N/E | Has an ability to attack starch granules when associated with a-amylases |
Compound | Content, % |
---|---|
Cellulose | 50–60 |
Hemicelluloses | 25–30 |
Lignin | 12–18 |
Pectin | 3–5 |
Water-soluble materials | 2–3 |
Fat and wax | 3–5 |
Ash | 1–1.5 |
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Waraczewski, R.; Sołowiej, B.G. Potential Valorization of Banana Production Waste in Developing Countries: Bio-Engineering Aspects. Fibers 2024, 12, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12090072
Waraczewski R, Sołowiej BG. Potential Valorization of Banana Production Waste in Developing Countries: Bio-Engineering Aspects. Fibers. 2024; 12(9):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12090072
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaraczewski, Robert, and Bartosz G. Sołowiej. 2024. "Potential Valorization of Banana Production Waste in Developing Countries: Bio-Engineering Aspects" Fibers 12, no. 9: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12090072