Evaluation of Scenedesmus dimorphus under Different Photoperiods with Eutrophicated Lagoon Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Microalgae | Culture Medium | Metabolism | Photoperiod L:D | Culture Conditions | Biomass Obtained | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorella vulgaris | Water, raw sewage | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 37,000 lux, 25 °C, 16 days | 69.8 mg/Ld | [11] |
Water contaminated with 10 g/L of oil | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 2000 lux, 25 °C | 0.41 g dry biomass | [12] | |
Water contaminated with 20 g/L of oil | 0.33 g dry biomass | |||||
Biological reactor wastewater | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 180 µm/m2/d, 24 ± 1 °C, Air 0.5 vvm | 20.3 mg/Ld | [13] | |
Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Dairy wastewater | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 10 W/m2, 25 °C | Not reported | [14] |
Scenedesmus acutus | Raw wastewater | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 37,000 lux, 25 °C, 16 days | 61.5 mg/Ld | [11] |
Scenedesmus sp. | Domestic wastewater | Mixotrophic | 14:10 | 60 µm/m2/d, 25 ± 2 °C, 7 days | 61.4 mg/Ld | [15] |
Leachate from sanitary landfill, 20% | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 80 µm/m2/d, air 4.5 L/min, 25 ± 2 °C | 3.9 mg/Ld | [9] | |
Leachate from sanitary landfill, 60% | Mixotrophic | 319.9 mg/Ld | ||||
Leachate from sanitary landfill, 80% | Mixotrophic | 421.9 mg/Ld | ||||
Leachate from sanitary landfill, 100% | Mixotrophic | 163 mg/Ld | ||||
CHU | Phototrophic | 34.6 mg/Ld | ||||
Scenedesmus dimorphus and Scenedesmus minutum | Municipal wastewater | Mixotrophic | 16:8 | 150 µm/m2/d, 22 ± 2 °C | 16 mg/L | [16] |
Scenedesmus dimorphus | Wastewater with lactic acid | Mixotrophic | 14:10 | 2500 lux, 25 °C, 10 days | 2.5 g/L | [17] |
Wastewater with lactic acid + 0.8 g/L de NaNO3, 4 mg/L K2HPO4-3H2O | Mixotrophic | 14:10 | 4.5 g/L | |||
BG11 | Phototrophic | 12:12 | CO2 atmospheric 11 L/min, 25 °C, 20 days | 96.5 mg/Ld | [7] | |
BG11 + Apple pomace hydrolyzate 2% w/v | Mixotrophic | 12:12 | 140.3 mg/Ld | |||
BBM | Phototrophic | 16:8 | 120 µm/m2/s 11 L/min air | 96.4 mg/Ld | [8] | |
BBM + Hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse 10 g/L | Mixotrophic | 16:8 | 105.9 mg/Ld | |||
BBM + Hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse 5 g/L | Mixotrophic | 16:8 | 119.2 mg/Ld |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Culture Medium
2.2. Culture Conditions
2.3. Biomass Harvesting
2.4. Lipid Extraction
2.5. Characterization
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Culture Medium | Photoperiod (Light:Dark) |
---|---|---|
1 | Eutrophicated lagoon water | F1 (10.5:13.5) |
2 | Eutrophicated lagoon water | F2 (11.5:12.5) |
3 | Eutrophicated lagoon water | F3 (12.5:11.5) |
4 | Eutrophicated lagoon water | F4 (13.5:10.5) |
5 | Bayfolan 0.3% | F1 (10.5:13.5) |
6 | Bayfolan 0.3% | F2 (11.5:12.5) |
7 | Bayfolan 0.3% | F3 (12.5:11.5) |
8 | Bayfolan 0.3% | F4 (13.5:10.5) |
Factor B | Factor A—Biomass Productivity (g/L/Day) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Growing Medium | F1 (10.5:13.5) | F2 (11.5:12.5) | F3 (12.5:11.5) | F4 (13.5:10.5) |
Eutrophicated lagoon water | 0.055 | 0.043 | 0.040 | 0.023 |
0.054 | 0.050 | 0.033 | 0.025 | |
0.052 | 0.041 | 0.035 | 0.023 | |
Bayfolan at 0.3% | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.023 |
0.035 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.023 | |
0.036 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.026 |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 0.000170 | 1 | 0.000170 | 27.48 | 8.04 × 10−5 | 4.49 |
Columns | 0.001514 | 3 | 0.000504 | 81.30 | 6.69 × 10−10 | 3.23 |
Interaction | 0.000385 | 3 | 0.000128 | 20.67 | 9.44 × 10−6 | 3.23 |
In-group | 9.93 × 10−5 | 16 | 6.20 × 10−6 | |||
Total | 0.002169 | 23 |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between groups | 0.001471 | 3 | 0.00049033 | 50.29 | 1.55 × 10−5 | 4.06 |
Within groups | 0.000078 | 8 | 0.00000975 | |||
Total | 11 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | - | 0.0090 | 0.0177 | 0.0300 |
F2 | - | - | 0.0087 | 0.0210 |
F3 | - | - | - | 0.0123 |
F4 | - | - | - | - |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between groups | 0.000428 | 3 | 0.000142 | 53.54 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 4.06 |
Within groups | 2.13 × 10−5 | 8 | 2.66 × 10−6 | |||
Total | 11 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | - | −0.0006 | −0.0030 | 0.0123 |
F2 | - | - | −0.0023 | 0.0130 |
F3 | - | - | - | 0.0153 |
F4 | - | - | - | - |
Factor B | Factor A—% Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 (10.5:13.5) | F2 (11.5:12.5) | F3 (12.5:11.5) | F4 (13.5:10.5) | |
Eutrophicated lagoon water | 95.1 | 93.1 | 87.8 | 59.9 |
97.1 | 91.9 | 82.5 | 61.0 | |
94.5 | 91.0 | 80.5 | 60.5 | |
Bayfolan at 0.3% | 59.5 | 89.0 | 87.2 | 43.6 |
60.1 | 87.6 | 89.6 | 40.8 | |
61.2 | 89.1 | 89.7 | 45.1 |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 868.806666 | 1 | 868.806666 | 247.25 | 3.75 × 10−11 | 4.49 |
Columns | 4986.05833 | 3 | 1662.01944 | 473.00 | 7.93 × 10−16 | 3.23 |
Interaction | 1380.29333 | 3 | 460.097777 | 130.94 | 1.80 × 10−11 | 3.23 |
In-group | 56.22 | 16 | 3.51375 | |||
Total | 7291.37833 | 23 |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between groups | 2240.995833 | 3 | 746.998611 | 170.77 | 1.36 × 10−7 | 4.06 |
Within groups | 34.99333333 | 8 | 4.37416666 | |||
Total | 2275.989167 | 11 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | - | 3.5666 | 11.9666 | 35.1000 |
F2 | - | - | 8.4000 | 31.5333 |
F3 | - | - | - | 23.1333 |
F4 | - | - | - | - |
Origin of Variances | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Probability | Critical Value for F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between groups | 4125.35583 | 3 | 1375.11861 | 518.26 | 1.68 × 10−9 | 4.06 |
Within groups | 21.2266667 | 8 | 2.6533333 | |||
Total | 11 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | - | −28.3000 | −28.5600 | 14.4300 |
F2 | - | - | −0.2600 | 42.7300 |
F3 | - | - | - | 43.0000 |
F4 | - | - | - | - |
ALF1 | ALF4 | BF1 | BF4 | Wavenumber Range cm−1 | Functional Group | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
950–1200 Carbohydrate Band | [18] | |||||
1019 | 1021 | 980–1072 | C-O-C polysaccharides | [23,24] | ||
1036 | ||||||
1053 | ||||||
1036 | 1030–1099 | P=O nucleic acids | [25] | |||
1053 | ||||||
1075 | 1074 | 1074 | ||||
1075 | 1074 | 1074 | 1070–1140 | C-O-C | [26] | |
1151 | 1149 | 1134–1174 | C-O-C polysaccharides | [23] | ||
1219 | 1210–1240 | P=O polysaccharides | [27] | |||
1240 | ||||||
1240 | 1230–1244 | P=O polysaccharides | [25] | |||
1240 | 1231 | 1230–1310 | C-N secondary amide | [26] | ||
1262 | 1264 | |||||
1350 | 1191–1356 | P=O polysaccharides, phosphodiester | [23] | |||
1379 | 1370–1398 | CH3, CH2, C-O proteins, and carboxyl groups | [25] | |||
1385 | 1381 | |||||
1413 | 1401 | 1400 | 1390–1430 | C-N amide stretching | [26] | |
1405 | ||||||
1411 | ||||||
1413 | 1401 | 1400 | 1392–1460 | C-O carboxyl groups | [25] | |
1444 | 1405 | |||||
1411 | ||||||
1450–1720 Amino acid band | [28] | |||||
1490–1710 Protein band | [18] | |||||
1452 | 1454 | 1454 | 1450–1456 | CH2, CH3 Lipids and proteins | [23,25] | |
1539 | 1536 | 1538 | 1533 | 1515–1570 | N-H secondary amide | [26] |
1546 | 1537 | |||||
1639 | 1630 | 1631 | 1634 | 1630–1680 | C=O secondary amide | [26] |
2800–3000 Lipid band | [18] | |||||
2852 | 2851 | 2852 | 2851 | 2850–2960 | CH2 symmetrical nucleic acids | [29] |
2874 | 2873 | 2871 | 2873 | 2960–2975 | CH3 asymmetric Lipids | [25] |
2922 | 2919 | 2921 | 2919 | 2916–2936 | CH2 asymmetric Lipids | [29] |
2955 | 2960 | 2952–2972 | CH3 symmetrical Lipids | [29] | ||
3280 | 3281 | 3280 | 3281 | 3170–3370 | N-H secondary amide | [26] |
3285 |
BF1 | BF4 | ALF1 | ALF4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated Fatty Acids (%) | 60.52 | 62.66 | 53.02 | 55.86 |
Caprylic acid (C8:0) | 2.5 | 3.01 | 3.9 | 4.37 |
Capric acid (C10:0) | 2.15 | 2.61 | 3.4 | 3.81 |
Lauric acid (C12:0) | 2.40 | 2.73 | 3.57 | 4.08 |
Tridecanoic acid (C13:0) | 1.33 | 1.5 | 1.86 | 2.03 |
Myristic acid (C14:0) | 2.82 | 4.02 | 4.16 | 4.65 |
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) | 1.26 | 1.65 | 1.81 | 2.01 |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 18.17 | 18.71 | 11.59 | 13.09 |
Margaric acid (C17:0) | 4.11 | 2.01 | 3.03 | 2.78 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 9.66 | 8.35 | 11.24 | 8.79 |
Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 2.73 | 3.44 | 4.37 | 5.13 |
Heneicosanoic acid (C21:0) | 1.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Behenic acid (C22:0) | 7.87 | 9.71 | 0 | 5.12 |
Tricosanoic acid (C23:0) | 1.21 | 1.46 | 4.09 | 0 |
Lignoceric acid (C24:0) | 2.79 | 3.42 | 0 | 0 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 17.60 | 18.40 | 23.96 | 24.97 |
Myristoleic acid (C14:1 cis 9) | 1.39 | 1.67 | 2.18 | 2.28 |
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:1 cis 10) | 1.52 | 1.94 | 2.44 | 0 |
Hexadecenoic acid (C16:1 cis 9) | 1.81 | 2.09 | 2.39 | 6.5 |
Margaroleic acid (C17:1 cis 10) | 1.56 | 1.91 | 2.46 | 2.64 |
Oleic acid (C18:1 cis 9) | 9.57 | 9.2 | 12.41 | 11.31 |
Eicosenoic acid (C20:1 cis 11) | 1.75 | 1.59 | 2.08 | 2.24 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 21.87 | 18.99 | 23.02 | 19.17 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2 cis 9, 12) | 12.05 | 9.81 | 11.55 | 10.36 |
Gamma-linoleic acid (C18:3 cis 6,9, 12) | 1.59 | 1.97 | 2.13 | 2.45 |
Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 cis 9, 12, 15) | 4.14 | 5.78 | 5.42 | 6.36 |
Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2 cis 11, 14) | 1.23 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3 cis 8, 11, 14) | 1.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Arachidonic acid (C20:4 cis 5, 8, 11, 14) | 1.33 | 1.43 | 1.89 | 0 |
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 cis 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19) | 0 | 0 | 2.03 | 0 |
Trans fatty acids | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Pérez Bravo, S.G.; Castañeda Chávez, M.d.R.; Aguilera Vázquez, L.; Gallardo Rivas, N.V.; Morales Rodríguez, M.L.; Páramo García, U. Evaluation of Scenedesmus dimorphus under Different Photoperiods with Eutrophicated Lagoon Water. Resources 2023, 12, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120140
Pérez Bravo SG, Castañeda Chávez MdR, Aguilera Vázquez L, Gallardo Rivas NV, Morales Rodríguez ML, Páramo García U. Evaluation of Scenedesmus dimorphus under Different Photoperiods with Eutrophicated Lagoon Water. Resources. 2023; 12(12):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120140
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez Bravo, Sheila Genoveva, María del Refugio Castañeda Chávez, Luciano Aguilera Vázquez, Nohra Violeta Gallardo Rivas, María Lucila Morales Rodríguez, and Ulises Páramo García. 2023. "Evaluation of Scenedesmus dimorphus under Different Photoperiods with Eutrophicated Lagoon Water" Resources 12, no. 12: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120140