Microplastic Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Its Interaction with Other Soil Pollutants: A Potential Threat to Soil Ecosystem Sustainability

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

The manuscript entitled ‘Microplastic Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Its Interaction with other Soil Pollutants: A potential Threat to Soil Ecosystem Sustainability’ reviewed the Microplastic Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems. The work done by this manuscript is of significance. But there are still certain sections needs to be improved.

 1.      Abstract: Please revise that to emphasize the main results of the review rather than just introducing the background.

2.      L122, It is not very appropriate to refer to earthworms as microorganisms, Please correct that. Soil fauna perhaps.

generally OK

Author Response

We are submitting the revised manuscript titled "Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and its interaction with other soil pollutants: A Potential threat to soil ecosystem sustainability" to Resources. We appreciate the time and effort of the reviewer in providing valuable feedback on our manuscript. We have thoroughly addressed all the concerns raised and have made significant revisions to the original manuscript accordingly. We believe that these revisions have significantly improved the quality and clarity of the manuscript, and we are confident that our study will make a valuable contribution to the field. We hope that you will find the revised manuscript suitable for publication in Resources.

Response to Reviewer 1 Comments

Comment: Abstract: Please revise that to emphasize the main results of the review rather than just introducing the background

Response: Thank you for your insightful comment. We incorporate the major changes in the abstract in accordance with it-

[The production and disposal of plastics have become a significant concern for the sustainability of the planet. During the past 75 years, around 80% of the generated plastic waste has either ended up in landfills or has been released into the environment. Plastic debris released into the environment has been broken down into smaller particles through fragmentation, weathering, and other disintegration processes, generating microplastics (plastic particles ≤ 5mm in size). Although marine and aquatic ecosystems have been the primary focus of microplastic pollution research, a growing body of evidence suggests that terrestrial ecosystems are equally at risk. Microplastic contamination has been reported in various terrestrial environments, from several sources such as plastics mulch, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, tire abrasions(tire wear particles),textiles industries(microfibre),sewage sludge, and plastic dumping . Recent studies suggest that the soil  has become a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants.’ This has gradually caused adverse impacts on soil health and fertility by affecting soil pH, porosity, water holding capacity, and soil microbial-enzymatic activities. Microplastics can interact with the co-existing pollutants of the environments by adsorbing the contaminants onto their surfaces, through various intermolecular forces including electrostatic, hydrophobic, non-covalent, partition effects, van der Waals forces, and microporous filling mechanisms. Subsequently, delays the degradation process of existing contaminants, thereby affecting the soil and various ecological activities of the ecosystem. Thus, the  present article is aim to elucidate the deleterious impact of microplastics and their interaction with other pollutants in the terrestrial ecosystem. This review also addresses the impact of microplastics in disrupting the soil sustainability of the planet]

Comment: L122, it is not very appropriate to refer to earthworms as microorganisms, please correct that. Soil fauna perhaps.

Response: Thank you for your suggestion. We revised the sentence [

For instance, a study reported that a few soil fauna such as Lumbricus terrestis L., (earthworm) are likely to produce biopores through which MPs can easily leach deep into the soil and serves as the medium  for  passage of various organic contaminants that are adsorbed on the MPs surface [16]

Additional clarity

• We have revised all typos and errors.
• Revised all grammatical errors in the manuscript.
• Missing Abbreviations are revised.
• Referencing is revised and newly added references are highlighted.
• We have added Figure 2, in response to potential sources of microplastics in soil [P:4,Figure:2]

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 2 Report

The manuscript (resources-2364582) summarized the microplastic pollution status in the terrestrial ecosystem and their interaction with soil co-existing pollutants. The authors pointed out the possible impacts of microplastics on soil system sustainability. This topic is interesting and meaningful. However, the paper has some shortcomings in the contents, framework and English grammar, and thus needs to be greatly improved before it can be accepted. The specific comments are as follows:

1.     The level of English needs to be further improved and the past indefinite tense is generally used in writing essay. Poor English will affect the readers' ability to read and understand the paper. For example, Line 14: “During the past 75 years around 80% of the generated plastic waste”? Line 18-19: a growing body of evidence suggests”? Line 22-24: “Soil is 22 a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with 23 a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants”? “Although, it has been reported that approximately 25% of the global soils are greatly, and 44% are mildly affected mostly due to pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, metalloids, and additionally the new emerging pollutants that cause severe environmental threats to the soil system is the mass manufacturing of synthetic organic polymers and plastics have seen prominent growth over the period”? “However, the recycling rate of plastic products is escalating still maximum plastics are liberated into the environment”?....................

2.     It's not appropriate to use the word of “might” in the Abstract too many times. As far as I know, many studies have reported the adsorption behavior of microplastics to pollutants and their combined risks.

3.     In the section of Introduction, some overdescription about plastic wastes and microplastic formation in the paragraph is unnecessary. The authors were suggested to focus on the microplastic pollution status in the terrestrial ecosystem and their interaction with soil co-existing pollutants. Moreover, microplastics are a type of complex contaminants including conventional microplastics, biodegradable microplastics and even tire particles. Some important references (e.g., Science of The Total Environment 697, 134139 (2019). Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 239-257 (2022). Chem. Eng. J. 460, 141838 (2023), ) need to be cited.

4.     In the section 2.1, authors need to summarize the abundance and concentration of microplastics in soils. In addition, a new section devoted to the effects of microplastics on the physicochemical properties of soils needs to be added.

5.     In the section 2.2, some contents about the impacts of microplastics on the animals and plants are suggested to add.

6.     In the section 2.3, authors need to be presented the interaction between microplastics and soil pollutants including adsorption and leaching. Furthermore, the combined effects of microplastics and co-existing chemical pollutants to soil ecosystem should be comprehensively discussed.

7.     After reading the section 3 about the threat of microplastics pollution to soil sustainability, I am confused to contents about the inauguration of UNSDGs and didn't get any information about substantial impact of microplastics, at least from the author's description. The authors merely highlight a concept that might affect soil ecosystem sustainability. It is recommended that the authors review the published literature and re-consider the potential threat of microplastics pollution to the sustainability of soil ecosystems before rewriting this chapter.

8.     The author must put forward some constructive suggestions and prospects about soil microplastic pollution based on the discussed content in this review article.

9.     Line 263: “isolation” was revised to “separation”.

The manuscript (resources-2364582) summarized the microplastic pollution status in the terrestrial ecosystem and their interaction with soil co-existing pollutants. The authors pointed out the possible impacts of microplastics on soil system sustainability. This topic is interesting and meaningful. However, the paper has some shortcomings in the contents, framework and English grammar, and thus needs to be greatly improved before it can be accepted. The specific comments are as follows:

1.     The level of English needs to be further improved and the past indefinite tense is generally used in writing essay. Poor English will affect the readers' ability to read and understand the paper. For example, Line 14: “During the past 75 years around 80% of the generated plastic waste”? Line 18-19: a growing body of evidence suggests”? Line 22-24: “Soil is 22 a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with 23 a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants”? “Although, it has been reported that approximately 25% of the global soils are greatly, and 44% are mildly affected mostly due to pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, metalloids, and additionally the new emerging pollutants that cause severe environmental threats to the soil system is the mass manufacturing of synthetic organic polymers and plastics have seen prominent growth over the period”? “However, the recycling rate of plastic products is escalating still maximum plastics are liberated into the environment”?....................

2.     It's not appropriate to use the word of “might” in the Abstract too many times. As far as I know, many studies have reported the adsorption behavior of microplastics to pollutants and their combined risks.

3.     In the section of Introduction, some overdescription about plastic wastes and microplastic formation in the paragraph is unnecessary. The authors were suggested to focus on the microplastic pollution status in the terrestrial ecosystem and their interaction with soil co-existing pollutants. Moreover, microplastics are a type of complex contaminants including conventional microplastics, biodegradable microplastics and even tire particles. Some important references (e.g., Science of The Total Environment 697, 134139 (2019). Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 239-257 (2022). Chem. Eng. J. 460, 141838 (2023), ) need to be cited.

4.     In the section 2.1, authors need to summarize the abundance and concentration of microplastics in soils. In addition, a new section devoted to the effects of microplastics on the physicochemical properties of soils needs to be added.

5.     In the section 2.2, some contents about the impacts of microplastics on the animals and plants are suggested to add.

6.     In the section 2.3, authors need to be presented the interaction between microplastics and soil pollutants including adsorption and leaching. Furthermore, the combined effects of microplastics and co-existing chemical pollutants to soil ecosystem should be comprehensively discussed.

7.     After reading the section 3 about the threat of microplastics pollution to soil sustainability, I am confused to contents about the inauguration of UNSDGs and didn't get any information about substantial impact of microplastics, at least from the author's description. The authors merely highlight a concept that might affect soil ecosystem sustainability. It is recommended that the authors review the published literature and re-consider the potential threat of microplastics pollution to the sustainability of soil ecosystems before rewriting this chapter.

8.     The author must put forward some constructive suggestions and prospects about soil microplastic pollution based on the discussed content in this review article.

9.     Line 263: “isolation” was revised to “separation”.

Author Response

We are submitting the revised manuscript titled "Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and its interaction with other soil pollutants: A Potential threat to soil ecosystem sustainability" to Resources. We appreciate the time and effort of the reviewer in providing valuable feedback on our manuscript. We have thoroughly addressed all the concerns raised and have made significant revisions to the original manuscript accordingly.

We believe that these revisions have significantly improved the quality and clarity of the manuscript, and we are confident that our study will make a valuable contribution to the field. We hope that you will find the revised manuscript suitable for publication in Resources.

Response to Reviewer 2 Comments

Comment: The level of English needs to be further improved and the past indefinite tense is generally used in writing essay. Poor English will affect the readers' ability to read and understand the paper. For example, Line 14: “During the past 75 years around 80% of the generated plastic waste”? Line 18-19: a growing body of evidence suggests”? Line 22-24: “Soil is 22 a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with 23 a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants”? “Although, it has been reported that approximately 25% of the global soils are greatly, and 44% are mildly affected mostly due to pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, metalloids, and additionally the new emerging pollutants that cause severe environmental threats to the soil system is the mass manufacturing of synthetic organic polymers and plastics have seen prominent growth over the period”? “However, the recycling rate of plastic products is escalating still maximum plastics are liberated into the environment”?....................

Response: Thank you for your valuable suggestions, we have revised the  grammatical errors of whole manuscript as per your remarks and major changes are followed:[Soil is an essential component of the planet Earth as it provides a plethora of services for the functioning of the ecosystem, although it has been reported that approximately25% and 44%  of the global soils are greatly, and  mildly affected respectively, mostly due to pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, and metalloids.  Additionally, the new emerging pollutants that caused severe environmental threats to the soil system were the mass manufacturing of synthetic organic polymers and plastics have  shown prominent growth over the decade[1],[2]. Although, the recycling rate of plastic products is escalating, a maximum number of plastics still being liberated into the environment [7]. For instance, millions of tons of plastic are generated every year, to facilitate many  aspects of mankind[9].

Comment: It's not appropriate to use the word of “might” in the Abstract too many times. As far as I know, many studies have reported the adsorption behavior of microplastics to pollutants and their combined risks.

Response: We agree with the reviewer suggestions. We have accordingly, modified the abstract by providing some information about the microplastics adsorption behaviour with pollutants and some potential sources of microplastics.

[The production and disposal of plastics have become a significant concern for the sustainability of the planet. During the past 75 years, around 80% of the generated plastic waste has either ended up in landfills or has been released into the environment. Plastic debris released into the environment has been broken down into smaller particles through fragmentation, weathering, and other disintegration processes, generating microplastics (plastic particles ≤ 5mm in size). Although marine and aquatic ecosystems have been the primary focus of microplastic pollution research, a growing body of evidence suggests that terrestrial ecosystems are equally at risk. Microplastic contamination has been reported in various terrestrial environments, from several sources such as plastics mulch, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, tire abrasions (tire wear particles), textiles industries(microfibre), sewage sludge, and plastic dumping. Recent studies suggest that the soil has become a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants.’ This has gradually caused adverse impacts on soil health and fertility by affecting soil pH, porosity, water holding capacity, and soil microbial-enzymatic activities. Microplastics can interact with the co-existing pollutants of the environments by adsorbing the contaminants onto their surfaces, through various intermolecular forces including electrostatic, hydrophobic, non-covalent, partition effects, van der Waals forces, and microporous filling mechanisms. Subsequently, delays the degradation process of existing contaminants, thereby affecting the soil and various ecological activities of the ecosystem. Thus, the present article is aim to elucidate the deleterious impact of microplastics and their interaction with other pollutants in the terrestrial ecosystem. This review also addresses the impact of microplastics in disrupting the soil sustainability of the planet.]

Comment: In the section of Introduction, some over description about plastic wastes and microplastic formation in the paragraph is unnecessary. The authors were suggested to focus on the microplastic pollution status in the terrestrial ecosystem and their interaction with soil co-existing pollutants. Moreover, microplastics are a type of complex contaminants including conventional microplastics, biodegradable microplastics and even tire particles. Some important references (e.g., Science of The Total Environment 697, 134139 (2019). Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 239-257 (2022). Chem. Eng. J. 460, 141838 (2023), ) need to be cited.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the judicious suggestion and providing the relevant studies for improving the quality of the manuscript. We have modified the introduction the citing the relevant references provided by the reviewer and added some information about the interaction of microplastics with pollutants and about the various types of microplastics.

[The predominant conventional types of plastics present in the terrestrial ecosystem includes Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, and Polyethylene terephthalate [4],[5]. In recent years, the promising alternative to non-degradable conventional plastics such as Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Polylactic acid, Polybutylene adipate terephthalate, and Polyhydroxybutyrate termed biodegradable plastics (Bioplastics), have been introduced [6]. Microplastics can also act as a carrier for the existing contaminants in the environment, such as heavy metals, agrochemicals, organic pollutants, and atmospheric deposition, the contaminants that accumulate in organisms ingest the MPs, potentially harming both wildlife and human health [Fig1] [3],[17],[18]. The existing contaminants adsorb onto the surface of the MPs and interrupt the degradation process [16],[15]. Microplastics are the complex mixture of various micropollutants such as conventional microplastics, biodegradable microplastics, microfibres (clothing fabric), and tire wear particles (tire abrasions), consequently, making microplastics eccentric among the other pollutants present in the environment [5],[6],[18],[19].

Comment: In the section 2.1, authors need to summarize the abundance and concentration of microplastics in soils. In addition, a new section devoted to the effects of microplastics on the physicochemical properties of soils needs to be added.

Response: Thank you for your suggestions. We have modified this sections (2.1) and added new section for soil physiochemical changes with some supporting studies in sections (2.2).

[ Existing literature   shows that soil is  a bigger reservoir of MPs (plastics) than oceanic basins since most plastic debris is generated and dumped on land [7]. Thus, the estimated MPs contamination could be 4-23 times more on land than in oceans [23]. Austen et al.,[13] reported that the  concentration of MPs has been maximum in soil, near agricultural environment and roads. The estimated concentration of MPs may vary, upto 7% of plastics particles by mass reported to be presented in the topsoil of industries, though they are often much lesser in non-industrialised areas[13]. [section 2.2-There is a wide occurrence of MPs pollution in global soil resources[28]. The abundance, composition, shape, and size of MPs largely may vary in soil, different potential sources can be one of the plausible explanations for this[28].For example, Qi et al.,[29] reported that the Low-density polyethylene, 5mm(plastic mulch film) noticeably affected the physiochemical and hydrological parameters of tested soil. Further, Machado et al.,[30] investigated the impact of polyester fibers (5000μm,8μm) on soil parameters such as water holding capacity, and showed that MPs, decreased bulk density, and affected the soil structure. Microplastics adversely impact the soil biophysical environment through changes in soil pH, bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity, soil aggregations, and hydraulic conductivity [29],[30]. Additionally, the change in soil porosity due to MPs, can impact the dissipation of volatile soil pollutants and the agglomeration property of MPs can also impact the vertical distribution of pollutants in the soil column [10]. Eventually, soil fertility and health are gradually affected, disturbing the ecological activities associated with them. The data from previous literature reported that MPs can alter soil, chemical and physical properties in most cases, but impacts vary from positive to negative, and rely on type, shape, dose and size of the MPs [29].

Comment:  In the section 2.2, some contents about the impacts of microplastics on the animals and plants are suggested to add.

Response: Thank you for your comment which improved the subject depth of the manuscript.  We revised the section (2.3) with supporting studies on the impact of microplastics on plants and animals

[.Changes in nutrient cycling-associated microbial enzymes including β-glucosidase, phosphatase, and urease can subsequently distress the up-take of substances by plant roots [34].  For example, the significant impacts of MPs has been reported  on studied soil flora and fauna including Eisenia fetida, Folsomia candida, Lumbricus terrestris, Triticum aestivum, and Allium fistulosum, thereby altering the soil diversity have been shown (Table1).] For example, Machado et al.,[27] reported that the presence of polyamide microplastic beads affected the length and biomass of the plant root, plausibly due to the nitrogen addition and alterations in morpho-physiological traits of roots and these changes could affect the soil microbial activity related to rhizodeposition. Consequently, soil microbes may directly retort to shifts in soil compositions and structures, through inconsistent utilization of nitrogen or organic substrates as an ultimate e- acceptor (organic substrates) [27]. Eventually, changes in microbial activity probably result in a shifting of microorganism composition, which may  influence the subset of  soil microbes that precisely interact with plant roots. [27]. For instance, a study conducted on wheat (Triticum aestivum) [Table1] reported that MPs enter via roots and can move into the trophic food chain, eventually affecting the growth efficacy of wheat in the reproductive as well as in the vegetative stage[39].On the contrary, pervasive research on Allium fistulosum(spring onion) by Machado et al .,[27] reported that the types and size of MPs can also positively affect the plants’ performance by increasing roots biomass.

Comment: In the section 2.3, authors need to be presented the interaction between microplastics and soil pollutants including adsorption and leaching. Furthermore, the combined effects of microplastics and co-existing chemical pollutants to soil ecosystem should be comprehensively discussed

Response: Thank you for your valued comment. We revised the section (2.4) as per your remarks and give supporting study for the microplastics adsorptions and also modified figure (1) for ecosystem impacts.

[MPs can serve as drivers of chemical pollutants, either used as additives during polymer manufacturing or directly assimilated from the environment [47].  Wang et al.,[49] investigated the adsorption behavior of diflubenzuron, carbendazim, malathion, diptrex, and difenoconazole pesticides with polyethylene MPs, and showed that all pesticides adsorbed onto the MPs surfaces posed the potential risk to the ecosystem. This is because due to the exclusive surface adsorption mechanism between pesticides and MPs, entirely regulated by intermolecular Van Der Waals forces and microporous filling mechanism [50]. According to Mohana et al.,[51], the adsorption and interaction mechanisms of MPs with various other existing pollutants are mostly unknown, since, the prevailing literature has focused on the existence of the MPs in the ecosystem[51].However, it is crucial to study the fate and interactions of MPs with existing co-contaminants for ameliorating the impact on soil biodiversity [37].

Comment: After reading the section 3 about the threat of microplastics pollution to soil sustainability, I am confused to contents about the inauguration of UNSDGs and didn't get any information about substantial impact of microplastics, at least from the author's description. The authors merely highlight a concept that might affect soil ecosystem sustainability. It is recommended that the authors review the published literature and re-consider the potential threat of microplastics pollution to the sustainability of soil ecosystems before rewriting this chapter.

Response: Thank you for your suggestion, we agree that the section 3 needed to provide more clarity. That is why we introduced some changes in the section(3) and now weh have specifically provided information regarding how microplastics pollution will impact the soil sustainability and subsequently the targets of UNSDGs. As far as the aquatic pollution of the microplastics is concern it evident that aquatic ecosystem itself does not produce any microplastics, the plastic wastes runoffs from land into oceans. Therefore, we added the oceanic plastics data to correlate it with land plastic pollution. The modified text are as under

  [Microplastic pollution can have a significant impact on soil sustainability. One of the ways that MPs impact soil sustainability is through their ability to alter soil physical properties such as reduced soil porosity, decreased water holding capacity, and increased soil compaction [27],[28],[26],[27]. This can limit the movement of water, air, and nutrients in the soil and make it harder for plant roots to penetrate the soil and absorb nutrients which can negatively affect plant growth and development. Changes in soil physical properties can negatively impact soil fertility and reduce the ability of plants to grow in the affected soil 23]. Another way that MPs can impact soil sustainability is through their potential to alter soil microbial communities. Microbes are essential for maintaining soil functions like nutrient cycling, and any disturbance to these communities can have significant consequences on soil health. Recent research has shown that MPs can alter the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities [Table 1]. These changes can lead to a reduction in soil nutrient availability and negatively impact soil fertility [37]. Microplastics can inhibit the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, which are crucial for maintaining soil fertility. This can lead to reduced nutrient availability and lower crop yields. In addition to their impact on soil physical properties and microbial communities, microplastics can also pose a direct threat to soil organisms [35][37]. Several studies have shown that MPs can be ingested by soil organisms, such as earthworms, and can cause physical damage or even death of the organism [16],[23]. This can have significant implications for soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Further, as discussed in previous sections MPs can also contribute to soil pollution. They can absorb and accumulate toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides, which can contaminate the soil and pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Following, the inauguration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) in 2015, the goals ensued widely by governments and organizations to develop sustainability. There are 17 SDGs, containing 169 targets, which are assessable against 247 unique indicators [72]. While the extremely critical risks to our globe are addressed through 17 SDGs, barely a definite indicator under Goal 14, is particularly concerned with mitigating plastics [72]. Therefore, the UNSDG report for 2022, estimated that about 17 million metrics of plastics invaded the oceans in 2021. Though, it assumes that the quantity would be double /triple by 2040[9]. The production of MPs on land is for anthropogenic utilization and ultimately end-up in the oceans. Therefore, the major sources of oceanic MPs pollution on land are, inefficient management of land-based pollution, such as plastic dumping, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, dumping of fabric(microfiber) [19], tire wear particles [21], and all wastes run-off into seas. These land-based pollutants are the major cause of pollution in aquatic ecosystems as well [72]. Microplastics have emerged as a major environmental concern, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems, due to their potential negative impacts on biodiversity and human health[11][28]. Microplastics in soil can harm soil microorganisms, which play a critical role in maintaining soil fertility and supporting plant growth[27]. This can lead to reduced crop yields, ultimately impacting food security and contributing to hunger, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 2: Zero Hunger. Additionally, MPs in soil can also impact the quality and safety of food produced on it[72][9]. Consumption of contaminated food can lead to respiratory issues, cancer, and hormonal imbalances, which can undermine the overall objectives of Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being[72][9]. Moreover, MPs released in soil can cause point source contamination through runoff and leaching, polluting surface and groundwater sources[29], thereby impacting water quality and availability and affecting the targets of Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation[72][9]. Furthermore, MPs in terrestrial ecosystems can have negative impacts on biodiversity, including insects, other animals, and soil microorganisms [28]. This can ultimately impact ecosystem health and resilience, contributing to the loss of biodiversity and undermining the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems, affecting the targets of Goal 15: Life on Land [72][9]. Moreover, MPs in soil can end up in marine water bodies, significantly impacting marine ecosystems and the animals that inhabit them [19]. This can perturb the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 14: Life Below Water [72][9]. The production, consumption, and disposal of plastics contribute significantly to plastic pollution and the generation of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems [72]. Therefore, addressing plastic waste and reducing plastic consumption are essential to reducing microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and meeting the targets of Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production [9][72]. Additionally, the study inferred that greenhouse emissions from plastics globally will achieve 1.34gg per year by 2030 [72]. Subsequently, unsustainable utilization of plastic debris for energy recovery has been extensively criticized for liberating GHG emissions, therefore utilizing plastic surplus for energy retrieval conflicts to attain SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all [72]. The achievements of the SDGs and the well-being of anthropoids are under threat due to the unsustainable applications and overproduction of plastic that results in environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, and climatic change [72]. Proper waste management practices can help reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in the environment, including soil. In summary, microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems can have significant negative impacts on multiple UNSDGs, highlighting the urgent need to address this issue through sustainable consumption and production patterns, responsible waste management, and improved environmental policies and practices [72].

Comment: The author must put forward some constructive suggestions and prospects about soil microplastic pollution based on the discussed content in this review article.

Response: Thank you for pointing this out. We have revised the section and incorporated some minor changes in the section based on the content of the article-

[Limiting  the expanding production and utilization of MPs can provide a better solution to several environmental threats caused by MPs. Globally, research on MPs is a persistently progressing field, while researchers emphasize separation , identification, and quantification of MPs in soil, there are still some system-level research gaps that must be addressed [27][23]. There is a dearth of in-depth studies on the combined effect of different potential sources of MPs with  existing co-contaminants in the soil ecosystem, and how it can modify the properties and efficacies of MPs by altering their fate in the environment. Despite the rapid growth in MPs, prevailing scientific research might not have comprehensively related the combined interactions between MPs, co-pollutant, and the soil microbial community of the environment The rapid production, emission, and outflow of plastics into the ecosystem, can lead to a further increase in the MPs concentration even more in the nearby future [73]. If we proceed in the existing developmental pathways, the finite capacity of the earth would be incapable of sustaining the resources for immediate and upcoming generations. Hence, the participation of all citizens would be essential to enhance the resources efficacies and for the development of a new economic circle by reducing waste and pollution from the ecosystem [9].Additionally, further quantitative and qualitative assessment might be required in the terrestrial environment to mitigate MPs pollution and its impacts on shifting soil biodiversity. Mitigating soil pollution, may also lead to decrease in aquatic pollution].  

Comment: Line 263: “isolation” was revised to “separation”.

Response: Thank you for the suggestions, we have changed the words as per remark-

[Globally, research on MPs is a persistently progressing field, while researchers emphasize separation , identification, and quantification of MPs].

Additional clarity

• We have revised all typos and errors.
• Revised all grammatical errors in the manuscript.
• Missing Abbreviations are revised.
• Referencing is revised and newly added references are highlighted.
• We have added Figure 2, in response to potential sources of microplastics in soil [P:4,Figure:2]

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Please see the attached file for comments

Comments for author File: Comments.pdf

Author Response

We are submitting the revised manuscript titled "Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and its interaction with other soil pollutants: A Potential threat to soil ecosystem sustainability" to Resources. We appreciate the time and effort of the reviewer in providing valuable feedback on our manuscript. We have thoroughly addressed all the concerns raised and have made significant revisions to the original manuscript accordingly.

We believe that these revisions have significantly improved the quality and clarity of the manuscript, and we are confident that our study will make a valuable contribution to the field. We hope that you will find the revised manuscript suitable for publication in Resources.

Response to Reviewer 3 Comments

Comment: You can increase the clarify by breaking into two sentences.

Response: Thank you for the suggestions. we have incorporated the changes in accordance with -[Soil is an essential component of the planet Earth as it provides a plethora of services for the functioning of the ecosystem, although it has been reported that approximately 25% and 44%  of the global soils are greatly, and mildly affected respectively, mostly due to pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, metals, and metalloids.  Additionally, the new emerging pollutants that caused severe environmental threats to the soil system were the mass manufacturing of synthetic organic polymers and plastics have shown prominent growth over the decade [1],[2].

Comment: Predominant plastics plastics on what base?commomly found in terrestrial environment?better to be more specific.

Response: Thank you for your insightful comment. We have revised the sentence

 [The predominant conventional types of plastics present in the terrestrial ecosystem includes Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, and Polyethylene terephthalate].

Comment: Environmental components of globe?

Response: Thank you for your comment. We modified the sentence and incorporated few changes [It has been reported that major sources of MPs in soil ecosystems are sewage sludge, mulching plastic films, inappropriate dumping of plastic waste, agricultural amendments etc which pose a severe environmental threat to the different ecosystems of the earth [10],[22]. Soil has become the reservoir of various micropollutants released from several potential sources [Fig2], and over the decade of application, harming the soil and the environment [20].

Comment: Incomplete sentence?

Response: Thank you for your comment. We modified the sentence and redrawn the diagram related with this-

[The fate and, interactions of microplastics with existing co-contaminants in the soil and impacts on other ecological activities].

Comment: Please check-This is an incomplete sentence,

Response: Thank you for suggestions. We revised the sentence [Thus, the estimated MPs contamination could be 4-23 times more on land than in oceans[23]. Austen et al.,[13] reported that the  concentration of MPs has been maximum in soil, near agricultural environments and roads. The estimated concentration of MPs may vary, upto 7% of plastics particles by mass reported to be presented in the topsoil of industries, though they are often much lesser in non-industrialised areas [13] .

Comment: Not clear,what species are authors talking about-microbial species?

Response: Thank you for your comment. We modified the sentence for more clarity

[The dispersion of MPs in the environment might influence their interaction with several plant, animal, microbial species as depicted in figure 1 and alter the behaviour of MPs in soil [24]. [P:5, Section:2.1,L:162-164]

Comment:This is a run on sentences correct it. Soil cracking,agronomic practices and root penetration are three broadly different aspects in soil.please discuss each separately.

Response:Thank you for your valued comment. Although, here we are talking about the method through which microplastic invaded into the soil aggregates via earthworm biopores and intrudes in plants roots. Soil cracking, agronomic practices and root penetration are three different aspects but here we only talking about the methods of intrusion of microplastics in soil ,so we have not explained these terminologies in detail .We also provide the supporting study. Revised sentence can be found at

[ Microplastics integrate into the soil aggregates  through soil cracking, agronomic practices, plant root elongations, and soil burrowing animals, providing transportation of MPs vertically in the soil [7],[16]. For instance, a study reported that a few soil fauna such as Lumbricus terrestis L., (earthworm) are likely to produce biopores through which MPs can easily leach deep  into the soil and serve  as the medium  for  passage of various organic contaminants that are adsorbed on the MPs surface [16].

Comment:Earthworm belongs to  microorganism? Refer soil biology classification.this sentence is poorly organized…..

Response:Thank your for your suggestion. We corrected the sentence as per your comment.

[ For instance, a study reported that a few soil fauna such as Lumbricus terrestis L., (earthworm) are likely to produce biopores through which MPs can easily leach deep  into the soil and serve  as the medium for passage]

Comment: Include results showing what types of microbial biodiversity shifts observed/reported.You can incorporate information from table1

Response; Thank you for your suggestions.We revised the section and incorporated supporting studies-  

[For example, the significant impacts of MPs has been reported on studied soil flora and fauna including Eisenia fetida, Folsomia candida, Lumbricus terrestris, Triticum aestivum, and Allium fistulosum, thereby altering the soil diversity have been shown (Table1). [Machado et al.,[27] reported that the presence of polyamide microplastic beads affected the length and biomass of the plant root, plausibly due to the nitrogen addition and alterations in morpho-physiological traits of roots and these changes could affect the soil microbial activity related to rhizodeposition][For instance, a study conducted on wheat (Triticum aestivum) [Table1] reported that MPs enter via roots and can move into the trophic food chain, eventually affecting the growth efficacy of wheat in the reproductive as well as in the vegetative stage[39].On the contrary, pervasive research on Allium fistulosum(spring onion) by Machado et al .,[27] reported that the types and size of MPs can also positively affect the plants’ performance by increasing roots biomass.]

Comment:The connectivity to MPs is missing. Need to explain under what circumstances,what types of electron acceptor would uses by microbes, again I emphasize Reader should know exact result….

Response: Thank you for your valued suggestions. We revised the sentence in the section 2.3 to meet the comment suggestion-

[ Microplastics can also directly impact the physiology and metabolism of soil microorganisms by causing oxidative stress and DNA damage in bacteria, which results in cell death and influences microbial activity [27],[33]. These alterations also deliver feedback to the microbial environment and affect rhizospheres such as rhizobia and mycorrhiza fungi [35], [36],[26],[27]. For example, Machado et al.,[27] reported that the presence of polyamide microplastic beads affected the length and biomass of the plant root, plausibly due to the nitrogen addition and alterations in morpho-physiological traits of roots and these changes could affect the soil microbial activity related to rhizodeposition. Consequently, soil microbes may directly retort to shifts in soil compositions and structures, through inconsistent utilization of nitrogen or organic substrates as an ultimate e- acceptor (organic substrates) [27]. Eventually, changes in microbial activity probably result in a shifting of microorganism composition, which may influence the subset of soil microbes that precisely interact with plant roots. [27].

Comment: First explain/discuss how soil structure damages by MPs( in terms stability I guess)

Response: Thank you for your comment. We revised the word in the sentence. Alteration in Soil aggregates, consequently, impact soil properties.

[Additionally, Machado et al., [27] reported that the alteration in soil aggregates by MPs can impact pore size and connectivity, thus simultaneously affecting the water holding capacity, and permeability of the soil, and which cause of a cascade of occurrences that changes the biophysical and chemical environment of soil]

Comment: Name them. earthworms? nemtodes? give exact facts from this study.

Response: Thanks for your comment. Here soil fauna refers to earthworms. We revised the sentence in the section [ Rillig et al.,[16], reported that soil fauna(earthworms) gulp MPs and co-pollutants sorbed onto the MPs surface, and change the microbial gut and associated soil microbial communities in the soil biota [34][16].

Comment:This implies existing information is not reliable.

Response: Thank you for your comment. We have changed the error in the sentence.

[However, a further detailed investigation is required to perceive the fluctuating contamination on MPs on soil microbes and several plant species, which can intensify our understanding of the ecotoxicity of this emerging threat].

Comment: Microbial species?

Response: Thank you for pointing this out. We have revised the sentence as-

[ The impact of different types of MPs on several organisms and flora present in soil ecosystems that have already been tested in earlier  studies, showed potential impacts [Table 1] .

Comment:This is not clear. The sentence needs attention for clarity as well as representation of given research article

Response:Thank you for your suggestions. We have revised the sections and incorporated the supporting studies for this and re-drawn figure 1, for more clarity.

[ Since, MPs are hydrophobic polymers possessing greater surface area, which makes them competent carriers. Pesticides significantly adsorb pesticides onto the MPs surface and ultimately reach to  each trophic food chain of the ecosystem [Table2] [Fig1] ,[37],[48],[47]. Previous study comprehensively provide significant inferences that the lethal chemicals present in the MPs can persistently migrate within the MPs surface and have the potential to disseminate in the soil [10]. Microplastics can serve as drivers of chemical pollutants, either used as additives during polymer manufacturing or directly assimilated from the environment [47].   Wang et al.,[49] investigated the adsorption behavior of diflubenzuron, carbendazim, malathion, diptrex, and difenoconazole pesticides with polyethylene MPs, and showed that all pesticides adsorbed onto the MPs surfaces posed the potential risk to the ecosystem. This is because due to the exclusive surface adsorption mechanism between pesticides and MPs, entirely regulated by intermolecular Van Der Waals forces and microporous filling mechanism [50]]

Comment: How would food chain transfer? Give facts about how pesticides adsorbed MPs enters food chain.

Response: Thank you for your comment. We revised section 2.4and re-drawn the figure 1, for more clarity.

[ Since, MPs are hydrophobic polymers possessing greater surface area, which makes them competent carriers. Pesticides significantly adsorb pesticides onto the MPs surface and ultimately reach toeach trophic food chain of the ecosystem [Table2] [Fig1] ,[37],[48],[47]. [Table2][Fig1],[37],[48],[47].

Comment: This is another incomplete sentence

Response: thank you, we have modified and made it clear [ According to Mohana et al.,[51], the adsorption and interaction mechanisms of MPs with various other existing pollutants are mostly unknown, since the prevailing literature has focused on the existence of the MPs in the ecosystem[51].

Comment: Either due to supplements used during the manufacturing?is what do you mean?

Response: Thank you for pointing this out. Here supplements mean additives added during manufacturing polymer (plastics production). Now we have modified the sentence to make it further clear-

 [MPs can serve as drivers of chemical pollutants, either used as additives during polymer manufacturing or directly assimilated from the environment [47]].

Comment: How could this section relevant to your title since most are oceanic plastics pollution, not soil pollution and MP …

Response: Thank you for your comment. We revised the section. Oceanic plastics are the ultimate result of land plastics pollution, oceans themselves do not produce plastics/MPs. Microplastics/plastics are produced for anthropoid utilization on land and end-up in oceans.

[ Microplastic pollution can have a significant impact on soil sustainability. One of the ways that MPs impact soil sustainability is through their ability to alter soil physical properties such as reduced soil porosity, decreased water holding capacity, and increased soil compaction [27],[28],[26],[27]. This can limit the movement of water, air, and nutrients in the soil and make it harder for plant roots to penetrate the soil and absorb nutrients which can negatively affect plant growth and development. Changes in soil physical properties can negatively impact soil fertility and reduce the ability of plants to grow in the affected soil 23]. Another way that MPs can impact soil sustainability is through their potential to alter soil microbial communities. Microbes are essential for maintaining soil functions like nutrient cycling, and any disturbance to these communities can have significant consequences on soil health. Recent research has shown that MPs can alter the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities [Table 1]. These changes can lead to a reduction in soil nutrient availability and negatively impact soil fertility [37]. Microplastics can inhibit the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, which are crucial for maintaining soil fertility. This can lead to reduced nutrient availability and lower crop yields. In addition to their impact on soil physical properties and microbial communities, microplastics can also pose a direct threat to soil organisms [35][37]. Several studies have shown that MPs can be ingested by soil organisms, such as earthworms, and can cause physical damage or even death of the organism [16],[23]. This can have significant implications for soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Further, as discussed in previous sections MPs can also contribute to soil pollution. They can absorb and accumulate toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides, which can contaminate the soil and pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Following, the inauguration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) in 2015, the goals ensued widely by governments and organizations to develop sustainability. There are 17 SDGs, containing 169 targets, which are assessable against 247 unique indicators [72]. While the extremely critical risks to our globe are addressed through 17 SDGs, barely a definite indicator under Goal 14, is particularly concerned with mitigating plastics [72]. Therefore, the UNSDG report for 2022, estimated that about 17 million metrics of plastics invaded the oceans in 2021. Though, it assumes that the quantity would be double /triple by 2040[9]. The production of MPs on land is for anthropogenic utilization and ultimately end-up in the oceans. Therefore, the major sources of oceanic MPs pollution on land are, inefficient management of land-based pollution, such as plastic dumping, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, dumping of fabric(microfiber) [19], tire wear particles [21], and all wastes run-off into seas. These land-based pollutants are the major cause of pollution in aquatic ecosystems as well [72]. Microplastics have emerged as a major environmental concern, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems, due to their potential negative impacts on biodiversity and human health[11][28]. Microplastics in soil can harm soil microorganisms, which play a critical role in maintaining soil fertility and supporting plant growth[27]. This can lead to reduced crop yields, ultimately impacting food security and contributing to hunger, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 2: Zero Hunger. Additionally, MPs in soil can also impact the quality and safety of food produced on it[72][9]. Consumption of contaminated food can lead to respiratory issues, cancer, and hormonal imbalances, which can undermine the overall objectives of Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being[72][9]. Moreover, MPs released in soil can cause point source contamination through runoff and leaching, polluting surface and groundwater sources[29], thereby impacting water quality and availability and affecting the targets of Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation[72][9]. Furthermore, MPs in terrestrial ecosystems can have negative impacts on biodiversity, including insects, other animals, and soil microorganisms [28]. This can ultimately impact ecosystem health and resilience, contributing to the loss of biodiversity and undermining the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems, affecting the targets of Goal 15: Life on Land [72][9]. Moreover, MPs in soil can end up in marine water bodies, significantly impacting marine ecosystems and the animals that inhabit them [19]. This can perturb the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 14: Life Below Water [72][9]. The production, consumption, and disposal of plastics contribute significantly to plastic pollution and the generation of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems [72]. Therefore, addressing plastic waste and reducing plastic consumption are essential to reducing microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and meeting the targets of Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production [9][72]. Additionally, the study inferred that greenhouse emissions from plastics globally will achieve 1.34gg per year by 2030 [72]. Subsequently, unsustainable utilization of plastic debris for energy recovery has been extensively criticized for liberating GHG emissions, therefore utilizing plastic surplus for energy retrieval conflicts to attain SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all [72]. The achievements of the SDGs and the well-being of anthropoids are under threat due to the unsustainable applications and overproduction of plastic that results in environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, and climatic change [72]. Proper waste management practices can help reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in the environment, including soil. In summary, microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems can have significant negative impacts on multiple UNSDGs, highlighting the urgent need to address this issue through sustainable consumption and production patterns, responsible waste management, and improved environmental policies and practices.

Comment: This sentence contradicts your finding please-revisit.

Response: Thank you for pointing this out. We have revised the section(4) -

[Limiting  the expanding production and utilization of MPs can provide a better solution to several environmental threats caused by MPs. Globally, research on MPs is a persistently progressing field, while researchers emphasize separation , identification, and quantification of MPs in soil, there are still some system-level research gaps that must be addressed [27][23]. There is a dearth of in-depth studies on the combined effect of different potential sources of MPs with  existing co-contaminants in the soil ecosystem, and how it can modify the properties and efficacies of MPs by altering their fate in the environment. Despite the rapid growth in MPs, prevailing scientific research might not have comprehensively related the combined interactions between MPs, co-pollutant, and the soil microbial community of the environment The rapid production, emission, and outflow of plastics into the ecosystem, can lead to a further increase in the MPs concentration even more in the nearby future [73]. If we proceed in the existing developmental pathways, the finite capacity of the earth would be incapable of sustaining the resources for immediate and upcoming generations. Hence, the participation of all citizens would be essential to enhance the resources efficacies and for the development of a new economic circle by reducing waste and pollution from the ecosystem [9].Additionally, further quantitative and qualitative assessment might be required in the terrestrial environment to mitigate MPs pollution and its impacts on shifting soil biodiversity. Mitigating soil pollution, may also lead to decrease in aquatic pollution.]

Comment: Why the uncertainty, since have reviewed all the existing literature on the subject?

Response: Thank you for your suggestions. We have modified this section  4 and made our finding more certain and clear.

 Additional clarity

• We have revised all typos and errors.
• Revised all grammatical errors in the manuscript.
• Missing Abbreviations are revised.
• Referencing is revised and newly added references are highlighted.
• We have added Figure 2, in response to potential sources of microplastics in soil [P:4,Figure:2]

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 4 Report

Overall, the study presents interesting Microplastic Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Its Interaction with other Soil Pollutants: A potential Threat to Soil Eco-system Sustainability is informative and can be useful to the readers, However, there are a few points that need to be addressed:

-        Abstract should be minimized and could be very crisp. 

-        Literature review is very shallow as it is not mentioned anything about microfibers as it is emitted during domestic washing is a huge plastic pollution contribution to the marine environment. 

-        Line 89, authors should include the various sources for the MPs including, textiles, road markings, tyres etc. Refer the most recent paper

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391022000878)

-        Since the released microfibers(plastics)/ particles can travel through rivers to enter the irrigation land.

-        Figure 1 must be redrawn according to the previous comments.

-        Abbreviation should be required for all Tables.

-        Typo error or section 4 is missing.

-        Sections 3 and 5 should require deeper analysis and reference to support the story which makes potentials for the readers.

-        Overall, the study has potential for publication with some revisions to address the above points.

-         

 English is fine however, there are some typo errors like the missing sections. 

Author Response

We are submitting the revised manuscript titled "Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and its interaction with other soil pollutants: A Potential threat to soil ecosystem sustainability" to Resources. We appreciate the time and effort of the reviewer in providing valuable feedback on our manuscript. We have thoroughly addressed all the concerns raised and have made significant revisions to the original manuscript accordingly.

We believe that these revisions have significantly improved the quality and clarity of the manuscript, and we are confident that our study will make a valuable contribution to the field. We hope that you will find the revised manuscript suitable for publication in Resources.

Response to Reviewer 4 Comment

Comment: Abstract should be minimized and could be very crisp.

Response: Thank you for pointing this out, we have minimized the abstract and made it crisp and clear for the reader and added some information on microplastics impacts on soil and adsorption behaviour with pollutants.

[The production and disposal of plastics have become a significant concern for the sustainability of the planet. During the past 75 years, around 80% of the generated plastic waste has either ended up in landfills or has been released into the environment. Plastic debris released into the environment has been broken down into smaller particles through fragmentation, weathering, and other disintegration processes, generating microplastics (plastic particles ≤ 5mm in size). Although marine and aquatic ecosystems have been the primary focus of microplastic pollution research, a growing body of evidence suggests that terrestrial ecosystems are equally at risk. Microplastic contamination has been reported in various terrestrial environments, from several sources such as plastics mulch, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, tire abrasions (tire wear particles),textiles industries(microfibre),sewage sludge, and plastic dumping . Recent studies suggest that the  soil  has become a significant sink for pollutants released into terrestrial ecosystems and is often contaminated with a mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants.’ This has gradually caused adverse impacts on soil health and fertility by affecting soil pH, porosity, water holding capacity, and soil microbial-enzymatic activities. Microplastics can interact with the co-existing pollutants of the environments by adsorbing the contaminants onto their surfaces, through various intermolecular forces including electrostatic, hydrophobic, non-covalent, partition effects, van der Waals forces, and microporous filling mechanisms. Subsequently, delays the degradation process of existing contaminants, thereby affecting the soil and various ecological activities of the ecosystem. Thus, the present article is aim to elucidate the deleterious impact of microplastics and their interaction with other pollutants in the terrestrial ecosystem. This review also addresses the impact of microplastics in disrupting the soil sustainability of the planet.]

Comment: Literature review is very shallow as it does not mention anything about microfibers as it is emitted during domestic washing is a huge plastic pollution contribution to the marine environment.

Response: Thank you for your comment, and we have modified the manuscript and included  some information on microfibre pollution in soil .Although article does not specifically focus on microfiber. though ,we incorporated general sources of microplastics

[Microplastics are the complex mixture of various micropollutants such as conventional microplastics, biodegradable microplastics, microfibres(clothing fabric) , and tire wear particles (tire abrasions), consequently, making microplastics eccentric among the other pollutants present in the environment[5],[6],[18],[19]. Its sources are relatively associated with anthropoid utilization, such as  mulching, cosmetics, washing and care, textile industries (microfibre)[19], car manufacturing (tire abrasions/tire wear particles)[21], and plastic commodities, containing all attributes of agriculture, industry, and manufacturing [Fig2][22]. ].Recent studies have also suggested that tire wear particles(tire abrasions) and microfiber (textiles) are the major emerging microplastic pollution on the land and these MPs, gradually runoffs from land into oceans[19],[21].

Comment: Line 89, authors should include the various sources for the MPs including, textiles, road markings, tyres etc.

Response: Thank you for your suggestion. We have modified the section.

[Its sources are relatively associated with anthropoid utilization, such as mulching ,cosmetics, washing and care, textile industries( microfiber)[19], car manufacturing (tire abrasions/tire wear particles)[21], and plastic commodities, containing all attributes of agriculture, industry, and manufacturing [Fig2][22],and plastic commodities, containing all attributes of agriculture, industry, and manufacturing [Fig2][22].

Comment: Since the released microfibers(plastics)/ particles can travel through rivers to enter the irrigation land. Figure (1) must be redrawn according to the previous comment.

Response: Thank you for your insightful comment. We have revised the figure 1 as per your suggestion. Although our focus is on the terrestrial ecosystem, so we have drawn accordingly, rather than, the marine ecosystem. additionally, we have added a new diagram to illustrate the potential sources of microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem. [P:3, Figure1][P:4,Figure2]

Comment: Abbreviation should be required for all Tables.

Response: Thank you for your suggestions. We have provided the abbreviation at the end of each table and also revised a few more abbreviations [P:7,Table:1, P:10,Table:2]

Comment: Typo error or section 4 is missing

Response: Thank you. We have revised the typos error [P:18, Section:4, L:428]

Comment: Sections 3 and 5 should require deeper analysis and reference to support the story which makes potentials for the readers.

Response: Thank you for your valued comment. We revised the section 3 and 4

[Section:3-Microplastic pollution can have a significant impact on soil sustainability. One of the ways that MPs impact soil sustainability is through their ability to alter soil physical properties such as reduced soil porosity, decreased water holding capacity, and increased soil compaction [27],[28],[26],[27]. This can limit the movement of water, air, and nutrients in the soil and make it harder for plant roots to penetrate the soil and absorb nutrients which can negatively affect plant growth and development. Changes in soil physical properties can negatively impact soil fertility and reduce the ability of plants to grow in the affected soil 23]. Another way that MPs can impact soil sustainability is through their potential to alter soil microbial communities. Microbes are essential for maintaining soil functions like nutrient cycling, and any disturbance to these communities can have significant consequences on soil health. Recent research has shown that MPs can alter the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities [Table 1]. These changes can lead to a reduction in soil nutrient availability and negatively impact soil fertility [37]. Microplastics can inhibit the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, which are crucial for maintaining soil fertility. This can lead to reduced nutrient availability and lower crop yields. In addition to their impact on soil physical properties and microbial communities, microplastics can also pose a direct threat to soil organisms [35][37]. Several studies have shown that MPs can be ingested by soil organisms, such as earthworms, and can cause physical damage or even death of the organism [16],[23]. This can have significant implications for soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Further, as discussed in previous sections MPs can also contribute to soil pollution. They can absorb and accumulate toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides, which can contaminate the soil and pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Following, the inauguration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) in 2015, the goals ensued widely by governments and organizations to develop sustainability. There are 17 SDGs, containing 169 targets, which are assessable against 247 unique indicators [72]. While the extremely critical risks to our globe are addressed through 17 SDGs, barely a definite indicator under Goal 14, is particularly concerned with mitigating plastics [72]. Therefore, the UNSDG report for 2022, estimated that about 17 million metrics of plastics invaded the oceans in 2021. Though, it assumes that the quantity would be double /triple by 2040[9]. The production of MPs on land is for anthropogenic utilization and ultimately end-up in the oceans. Therefore, the major sources of oceanic MPs pollution on land are, inefficient management of land-based pollution, such as plastic dumping, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, dumping of fabric(microfiber) [19], tire wear particles [21], and all wastes run-off into seas. These land-based pollutants are the major cause of pollution in aquatic ecosystems as well [72]. Microplastics have emerged as a major environmental concern, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems, due to their potential negative impacts on biodiversity and human health[11][28]. Microplastics in soil can harm soil microorganisms, which play a critical role in maintaining soil fertility and supporting plant growth[27]. This can lead to reduced crop yields, ultimately impacting food security and contributing to hunger, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 2: Zero Hunger. Additionally, MPs in soil can also impact the quality and safety of food produced on it[72][9]. Consumption of contaminated food can lead to respiratory issues, cancer, and hormonal imbalances, which can undermine the overall objectives of Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being[72][9]. Moreover, MPs released in soil can cause point source contamination through runoff and leaching, polluting surface and groundwater sources[29], thereby impacting water quality and availability and affecting the targets of Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation[72][9]. Furthermore, MPs in terrestrial ecosystems can have negative impacts on biodiversity, including insects, other animals, and soil microorganisms [28]. This can ultimately impact ecosystem health and resilience, contributing to the loss of biodiversity and undermining the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems, affecting the targets of Goal 15: Life on Land [72][9]. Moreover, MPs in soil can end up in marine water bodies, significantly impacting marine ecosystems and the animals that inhabit them [19]. This can perturb the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems, thereby affecting the targets of Goal 14: Life Below Water [72][9]. The production, consumption, and disposal of plastics contribute significantly to plastic pollution and the generation of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems [72]. Therefore, addressing plastic waste and reducing plastic consumption are essential to reducing microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems and meeting the targets of Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production [9][72]. Additionally, the study inferred that greenhouse emissions from plastics globally will achieve 1.34gg per year by 2030 [72]. Subsequently, unsustainable utilization of plastic debris for energy recovery has been extensively criticized for liberating GHG emissions, therefore utilizing plastic surplus for energy retrieval conflicts to attain SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all [72]. The achievements of the SDGs and the well-being of anthropoids are under threat due to the unsustainable applications and overproduction of plastic that results in environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, and climatic change [72]. Proper waste management practices can help reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in the environment, including soil. In summary, microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems can have significant negative impacts on multiple UNSDGs, highlighting the urgent need to address this issue through sustainable consumption and production patterns, responsible waste management, and improved environmental policies and practices].[Section:4- Limiting  the expanding production and utilization of MPs can provide a better solution to several environmental threats caused by MPs. Globally, research on MPs is a persistently progressing field, while researchers emphasize separation , identification, and quantification of MPs in soil, there are still some system-level research gaps that must be addressed [27][23]. There is a dearth of in-depth studies on the combined effect of different potential sources of MPs with  existing co-contaminants in the soil ecosystem, and how it can modify the properties and efficacies of MPs by altering their fate in the environment. Despite the rapid growth in MPs, prevailing scientific research might not have comprehensively related the combined interactions between MPs, co-pollutant, and the soil microbial community of the environment The rapid production, emission, and outflow of plastics into the ecosystem, can lead to a further increase in the MPs concentration even more in the nearby future [73]. If we proceed in the existing developmental pathways, the finite capacity of the earth would be incapable of sustaining the resources for immediate and upcoming generations. Hence, the participation of all citizens would be essential to enhance the resources efficacies and for the development of a new economic circle by reducing waste and pollution from the ecosystem [9].Additionally, further quantitative and qualitative assessment might be required in the terrestrial environment to mitigate MPs pollution and its impacts on shifting soil biodiversity. Mitigating soil pollution, may also lead to decrease in aquatic pollution.]

Additional clarity

• We have revised all typos and errors.
• Revised all grammatical errors in the manuscript.
• Missing Abbreviations are revised.
• Referencing is revised and newly added references are highlighted.
• We have added Figure 2, in response to potential sources of microplastics in soil [P:4,Figure:2]

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 2 Report

The authors have revised the manuscript accordingly.

ok

Reviewer 3 Report

Paper has improved and attended requested corrections. This is in acceptable condition.