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Article

Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India

by
Bushan Kumar
1,2,
Ishfaq Ahmad Wani
1,2,
Javaid Fayaz Lone
1,2,
Kota Srinivas
1,2 and
Sumeet Gairola
2,3,*
1
Plant Sciences and Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India
2
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Resources 2025, 14(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042
Submission received: 16 January 2025 / Revised: 24 February 2025 / Accepted: 28 February 2025 / Published: 6 March 2025
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Abstract

:
The genus Artemisia L. (tribe Anthemidea), belonging to the family Asteraceae, has a rich diversity of essential oil-bearing species distributed throughout the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH) regions of India. The present study evaluated the essential oils of the eighty-one accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. from India’s WH and TH regions for their essential oil yield, chemical composition, and variability among and within the species. The essential oil yield ranged between 0.02% and 1.65%. One hundred fifty-five major compounds identified by GC-MS technique accounted for 81–100% of the total oil composition in the studied accessions. 1,8-cineole, thujone, camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, and caryophyllene were present in most of the studied Artemisia accessions. Results of PCA indicated that the first two components contributed 42.31% of total variation and showed a significant positive correlation with thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, borneol, artemisia ketone, and p-cymene. Based on the chemical composition of essential oil, different accessions were grouped into two major clusters and subdivided into several subgroups. The study has identified many new chemotypes of Artemisia spp. with industrial potential that had not been studied before in this region. Based on the results, new agro-technologies may be developed using Artemisia spp. of commercial interest.

1. Introduction

Artemisia L. is the largest genus of the tribe Anthemidea, belonging to the Asteraceae family. It comprises over 500 species, mainly dwelling in the northern temperate region of Asia, Europe, and North America [1,2]. Forty-eight species have been reported from India, with the majority of them distributed in the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH) regions [3,4]. Artemisia is an aromatically and medicinally important genus that contains secondary metabolites in the aerial parts with fragrant monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Various Artemisia spp. are used to treat ailments such as malaria, cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and COVID-19 [5,6,7]. Essential oils of various Artemisia spp. have shown promising pharmacological activities, viz., antidiabetic [8], anti-inflammatory [9,10], antimicrobial [11], and anticancer [12,13]. The systematics of the genus Artemisia is very complex. Due to variations in chromosome number, interspecific hybridization, occurrence of polyploidy, and similar morphology under different environmental conditions, identifying Artemisia spp. is challenging [14,15,16].
The essential oil of aerial parts of the Artemisia spp. bears many commercially important chemicals like capillene, β-caryophyllene, artemisia ketone, α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, limonene, camphor, camphene, and α-pinene [17]. Different chemotypes possess characteristic smells and bioactivities that indicate their use in the pharmaceutical and aroma industries. Many previous studies have shown significant variations in the composition and properties of the essential oils of Artemisia spp. from the different altitudinal gradients [15,17,18]. The main ingredient in Chinese, French, and Indian Artemisia essential oils is reported to be artemisia ketone. The most explored species of Artemisia is Artemisia annua. The primary components in the essential oils isolated from North American A. annua were artemisia ketone (35.70–68.00%) and 1,8-cineole (22.80–31.50%) [19]. Several chemotypes of Artemisia have been reported from different locations in India. Capillene (58.38%) was reported from the essential oil of Indian Artemisia dracunculus [17]. Three major chemotypes were reported for A. dracunculus collected from the Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh states of India [17,20]. A chemotype of A. nilagirica var. septentrionalis rich in artemisia ketone was reported from the foothills of the western Himalayas of India [21]. Recently, six chemotypes have been described for A. annua, such as artemisia ketone, camphor, β-cubebene, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and β-selinene [7,22].
Essential oil yield and chemistry are affected by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In addition to chemotypic and genetic factors, essential oils are influenced by the developmental stage [23], altitudinal effect [15], harvesting stages [24], and seasonal variation [21]. Plant diversity has been greatly aided by the evolution of chemical complexity [25]. The essential oil chemical fingerprint may help assess quality and aid in identifying complex species. Despite the availability of huge natural resources of Artemisia spp. across the Indian Himalayan region, only a few species have been explored so far. It is crucial to assess the chemical makeup of essential oils of different Artemisia spp. from various geographical locations of the WH and TH regions of India. The evaluation of Artemisia germplasm from the region can help us understand this valuable natural resource for the development of novel products from their essential oils and aromatic compounds. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the essential oils of the eighty-one accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. from India’s WH and TH regions for their essential oil yield, chemical composition, and variability among and within the species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area and Collection of Plant Material

Eighty-one accessions of 40 Artemisia spp. were collected from different geographical locations from the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH)regions of India, covering an altitudinal range from 322 m to 5046 m above mean sea level (m asl) (Figure 1, Table 1). There was no requirement for the collection permit to collect studied Artemisia spp. accessions from their natural habitat. Most of the studied Artemisia spp. had global distribution except for A. amygdalina, A. austrohimalayaensis, A. banihalensis, A. dubia, and A. filiformilobulata which were endemic to the region. The study area comprises the two states of India, viz., Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, as well as two Indian Union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The study area covers a wide range of topography, from hot plains to hilly and mountainous valleys characterized by tropical to temperate and alpine environments. The collected Artemisia spp. accessions were identified by using regional floras, eFloras, research publications on the Artemisia spp. of the study area [3,4,26,27,28,29], online Kew Herbarium and Janaki Ammal Herbarium (RRLH) at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Botanical names and synonyms were authenticated through Kew’s ’Plants of the World’ database (www.plantsoftheworldonline.org, accessed on 22 December 2022). Voucher specimens were prepared and deposited in the internationally recognized Janaki Ammal Herbarium (RRLH).

2.2. Chemicals Used

All chemicals used in the present study were of analytical grade.

2.3. Extraction of the Essential Oils

Aerial parts of 81 accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. were collected from their natural habitat. All the collected plant samples were strictly subjected to uniform processing/drying conditions. After a daylong collection, collected aerial parts were partially dried in the shade overnight at the camping site or in the room and then wrapped in paper bags. To avoid mold growth on samples and essential oil loss, plant samples were immediately brought to the laboratory and further dried for seven days under uniform controlled laboratory conditions with room temperature 28.0 ± 3.0 °C and relative humidity between 45% and 55%. Dried aerial parts were weighed and subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. Obtained essential oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in air-tight glass vials at −20 °C till further use. The essential oil yield was calculated as volume/weight (%), i.e., volume (ml) of essential oil obtained per dry weight (g) of plant material used, and the color variation was noted down.

2.4. Analysis of the Essential Oils and Compound Identification

Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed using Agilent 7890-USA (sourced from J&W Scientific, Santa Clara, United States) equipped with a 5975 triple-axis detector and DB 5MS column (30 m × 0.250 mm diameter × 0.25 μm thickness). The oven temperature program was as follows: 60 °C (2 min hold), ramp to 120 °C at 30 °C/min (2 min hold), then ramp to 300 °C at 5 °C/min (2 min hold). A 1 μL sample was injected with a 100:1 split ratio. The injection temperature was 280 °C, and the ion source was set to 70 eV. Helium (99.9995% purity) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Mass spectra were acquired in full scan mode (m/z 35–780). Component identification was performed by comparing experimental retention indices (RIs) with literature values [30] and matching mass spectra against the NIST17 library, using retention time and molecular ion mass (m/z) as additional criteria [31].

2.5. Data Analysis

Multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyze the relative percentage content of the essential oil components. To determine the usefulness of identified essential oil components in reflecting chemotaxonomic relationships in the studied accessions, 48 compounds detected in the essential oil samples with concentrations greater than 10% of the total were used for the statistical analysis. The dendrogram was created using Ward’s method for hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). PAST Version 4.01 was used to perform the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the cluster analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Essential Oil Yield and Color

In the present study, efforts were made to collect the maximum number of accessions of Artemisia spp. to cover as much of the natural range of distribution of Artemisia from the WH and TH regions of India. A total of 81 accessions of 40 Artemisia spp. (38 identified and two unidentified) were collected from the diverse habitats of the WH and TH regions of India. In many earlier studies, researchers have reported many mono-, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolic aromatic compounds from Artemisia spp. that are commercially used in the cosmetics and aroma industries. Due to the presence of various compounds, essential oils possess a wide range of biological properties [32]. For instance, artemisinin is a well-recognized and effective antimalarial compound isolated from A. annua [33]. The yield and color of the essential oils of different Artemisia spp. accessions showed variations at inter and intra-specific levels.
Artemisia vestita had the highest essential oil yield (1.65%), followed by A. scoparia (1.44%), while A. biennis and one unidentified species collected from Gurez valley had the lowest essential oil yield of 0.03% and 0.02%, respectively. Haider et al. [34] and Nin et al. [35] also found essential oil yield variation within the accessions of some Artemisia spp. collected from different locations. In the present study, we observed that the essential oil composition varied among the species and within the studied species, which may be due to variations in environmental conditions and other factors of the study area.
The colors of the essential oils of the studied Artemisia accessions ranged from yellow, red, green, blue, white, and pale-olive to olive-yellow, but most commonly, yellow shades were observed. Color shades varied even in the same species collected from different altitudes, making the oil color a noteworthy character (Supplementary Figure S1). It was reported in previous studies that the essential oil of some Artemisia spp. was yellow, varying from greenish-yellow, yellow, and pale yellow to yellowish brown [7,36,37,38,39]. Table 2 shows the oil yield and color variations among the studied accessions of Artemisia spp. from the WH and TH regions of India. However, our results showed some unique colors of essential oils, like crimson blue in A. myriantha and A. roxburghiana and very dusky red in A. absinthium, also reported earlier by Msaada et al. and Zhou et al. [40,41].

3.2. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils

Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the composition of the extracted essential oils of 81 accessions of Artemisia spp. The GC-MS analysis of essential oils allowed the detection of 421 chemical constituents in the whole collection, and out of these, 155 compounds that have an average concentration of more than 2% in any of the studied accessions were identified by comparison of relative retention indices of the peak with the MS library of standard essential oils. The identified essential oil constituents represented 81–100% of the essential oils. One fifty-five major compounds at an average concentration greater than 2% of the total essential oil were used for statistical analysis (Table 3). Details of major compounds (>10% in at least one accession) detected in the essential oil of the studied Artemisia accessions from the WH and TH regions of India are given in Supplementary Table S1.
The essential oils of A. vulgaris accessions contained santolina triene, 1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, thujone, pinocarveol, borneol, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol, and camphor (Table 3). Large variations were observed in the quantities of essential oil compounds of seven accessions of A. vulgaris collected from the different locations that suggested the distinctive chemotypes (Table 3). Accessions Av1, Av2, Av3, Av4, Av5, Av6 and Av7 were characterized by the presence 2-thujene, 2,3-bornanediol, α-cadinol, β-eudesmene, 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol, torreyol, cubenol, agarospirol, myrtenol, 3-carene, curcumene, limonene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and γ-eudesmol (Table 3). The principal components in A. maritima accessions (Am8, Am9, and Am10) essential oils were 1,8-cineole, chrysanthenone, myrtenol, camphor, and verbenyl acetate. Accessions of A. absinthium, Aab11, Aab12, and Aab13 were found to be rich in verbenyl acetate with concentrations of 80.67%, 74.91%, and 62.87%, respectively. Cis-verbenone (5.13%) was observed only in the Aab11 accession. However, trans-thujone (54.70%) was found to be the main component in Algerian A. absinthium essential oil, as reported in a previous study [42]. The main constituents in A. annua accessions were thujone (52.84%) and terpinolene (6.77%) in Aa15, and camphor (39.97%), caryophyllene (12.86%), germacrene (10.25%), caryophyllene oxide (4.14%), and γ-himachalene (5.02%) in Aa14.
The A. nilagirica accessions (An16, An17, and An18) had 1,8-cineole, thujone, borneol, β-eudesmol, and camphor as the major components of essential oil. Accession An17 contained cis-verbenone (9.58%) and could be classified as a distinct chemotype. The major components in A. cashemirica (Ac19) accession were 1,8-cineole (22.68%), caryophyllene oxide (19.72%) and camphor (20.45%). The essential oil of A. japonica had caryophyllene oxide as the major compound in both the accessions Aj20 (27.46%) and Aj21 (25.27%). Artemisia vestita accessions (Ave22, Ave23, and Ave24) were found to be rich in borneol, camphor, chrysanthenone, 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol, bornyl acetate, sabinen, and trans-2,7-dimethyl-4,6-octadien-2-ol (Table 3). The A. scoparia accessions (As25, As26, and As27) had high amounts of limonene, caryophyllene, p-cymene, and spathulenol,1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, and thujone.
Essential oils of accessions Ai28, Ai29, and Ai30 belonging to A. indica were found to be rich in β-eudesmol, caryophyllene oxide, borneol, germacrene, and curcumene. Further, A. incisa (Ain31) accession collected from Kashmir contained davanone (10.34%), β-cubebene (12.26%), caryophyllene oxide (10.67%), δ-cadinene (5.19%), widdrol (4.84%), and α-cadinol (4.16%). Artemisia laciniata accessions were represented by distinct chemotypes (Table 3). Accessions Ala32 contained camphor (28.50%), thujone (15.78%) and 1,8-cineole (7.66%), accession Ala33 contained verbenyl acetate (22.36%), artemisia ketone (17.56%) and camphor (17.10%), and accession Ala34 contained Furan,3-(4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadienyl)- (21.62%) and 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (20.07%). Accession Asi37 was found to be rich in camazulene (45.53%) and linalyl iso-valerate (17.17%). Accessions Asi35 and Asi36 had thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, and endoborneol as major constituents.
The essential oil of A. amygdalina (Aam38), the only species Indigenous to Kashmir Himalaya, contained α-bisabolol (21.67%), α-cadinol (8.32%), thujone (6.40%) and aromadendrene oxide-(2) (2.16%). Artemisia verlotiorum (Aver40) had myrtenol (23.68%), camphor (10.12%), borneol (9.29%), sabinen (7.73%), juniper camphor (4.86%) and 4-terpenol (4.80%) as the main components. The A. moorcroftiana accessions could be classified into two distinct chemotypes. Accession Amo41 was characterized by the presence of thujone (55.74%), which was higher than all the investigated accessions of Artemisia, whereas accession Amo42 contained a maximum amount of cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (48.14%).
Accessions of A. persica collected from the Trans Himalayan region could be identified as chemotype of α-terpinene (Ap43; 44.18%), 2-carene (Ap44; 27.91%), and piperitone oxide (Ap45; 6.35%). Further, accessions Asa46 and Asa47, belonging to A. salsoloides from Trans Himalaya, were rich in 1,8-cineole, thujone, camphor, and chrysanthenone. Davanone and bornylene were the two chemotypes identified from the A. gmelinii accessions (Agm48 and Agm49). Other compounds found in A. gmelinii accessions were 1,8-cineole, thujone, 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one, and 4-terpineol.
The main constituents in the essential oils of A. tournefortiana (Ato50) accession were 1,8-cineole (26.57%), thujone (22.70%), and camphor (14.97%), while the same constituents were found in A. biennis (Abi51, and Abi52) accessions in higher concentration. Accession Abi52 had 1,8-cineole (43.57%), camphor (27.70%), and β-pinene (10.05%), whereas caryophyllene oxide (8.21%) and artemisia ketone (4.66%) were found in the Ato50 accession. Not much variation was observed in the accessions of A. minor (Ami53, Ami54) collected from the Trans Himalayan region of Ladakh. They had thujone, camphor, p-cymene, and 4-terpineol as the major components in the essential oil.
Artemisia macrocephala (Ama55) accession was characterized by the presence of 2-isopropenyl-4a,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene (61.09%). Essential oils of A. rutifolia accessions (Ar56, Ar57) were rich in verbenyl acetate, β-eudesmol, artemisia ketone, and ledene oxide-(I). A total of three accessions of A. stechmanniana were investigated. Verbenyl acetate (44.49%), chrysanthenone (9.12%), and myrtenol (21.10%) were the major constituents in Aste58, Aste59, and Aste60 accessions, respectively. Terpinolene was reported only in the Ad61 (3.85%) and Ad62 (11.95%) accessions belonging to A. desertorum that are restricted to the cold desert region of Ladakh. Further, A. stracheyi (Ast63) from the high altitude of Changla Pass in Ladakh was found to be rich in spathulenol (22.35%), 1,8-cineole (18.87%), camphor (11.78%), and thujone (11.24%).
The Abr64 accession of A. brevifolia was a distinct chemotype having the highest amount of 4-terpineol (26.06%), whereas the Abr65 accession had camphor (36.14%) and 1,8-cineole (13.29%). The major components in A. dubia (Adu66) essential oil were thujone (9.89%), 1,8-cineole (8.42%), and caryophyllene oxide (8.14%). The main components of A. myriantha accessions were β-eudesmol (36.53%) in Amy67 and artemisia ketone (19.33%) in Amy68. Artemisia banihalensis (Ab69) accession had borneol (12.06%), germacrene (10.64%), and 4-terpineol (10.51%) as major components of essential oil.
Artemisia gmelinii accessions (Ag70 and Ag71) were rich in 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, thujone, and camphor. Naphthalene,2-ethenyl (11.49%) was found only in accession Ag71 only. Essential oil of A. austrohimalayaensis (Aau72) accession contained β-cubebene (5.62%) and elixene (5.13%), which were specific to this species only. A total of 31 compounds were detected in A. austrohimalayaensis oil. of which thujone, camphor, and 1,8-cineole were the major compounds. Artemisia filiformilobulata accessions, indigenous to Gangotri (Af73) and Mana (Af74) regions of Uttarakhand, had thujone, 1,8-cineole, and camphor as the major constituents. In addition, some other unique compounds like δ-cadinene (7.27%), cubenol (5.97%), and torreyol (3.51%) were also observed in accession Af73. An unidentified Artemisia species accession Au75 had epicubenol (11.24%), davanone (6.89%), and epiglobulol (6.53%) as major constituents. Accessions Aw76 belonging to A. wallichiana (species name now considered as a synonym of A. roxburghiana as per the world flora of online plant) was found rich in β-eudesmol (18.62%), cis-β-terpineol, (8.46%), and 1,8-cineole (6.44%).
However, A. roxburghiana accessions Ar77 and Ar78 were dominated by caryophyllene oxide (46.69%) and α-eudesmol (61.05%). They can be recognized as two distinct chemotypes. Germacrene (13.93%) was only found in Ar78, whereas cis-β-terpineol (8.46%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.85%), and bergamotol, Z-α-trans (5.14%) were only found in the essential oil of Ar79 accession. β-eudesmol (33.05%), santolina triene (17.10%), 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde,1,3,4-trimethyl (13.16%), and isothujol (5.74%) were the main compounds in A. roxburghiana var. grata accession Arg80. Essential of A. capillaris accession Ac81 had caryophyllene oxide (27.03%), caryophyllene (15.09%), thujone (10.36%), and 1,8-cineole (9.52%) as major constituents. Pictures and essential oil chemical composition for the unidentified Artemesia accessions (Aun39, Au75) are given in Supplementary Figure S2 and Supplementary Table S2.
The data revealed that 1,8-cineole, thujone, camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, and caryophyllene were present in the essential oils of most of the Artemisia accessions. Most of the Artemisia accessions were characterized by unique compounds that were not present in other accessions. These compounds could be used as markers to delimit these complex Artemisia spp. (Table 3). The constituents that were present in the higher concentration were verbenyl acetate in A. absinthium, α-eudesmol and caryophyllene oxide in A. roxburghiana, 1,8-cineole in A. biennis, thujone in A. annua and camazulene in A. sieversiana. The present findings indicated that essential oils of some of the studied Artemisia spp. could be considered a good source of santolina triene, artemisia ketone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, davanone, and caryophyllene oxide, which are known to have extensive use in pharmaceutical industries (Table 3). Due to the presence of these compounds in the essential oils of Artemisia, many of these species have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities [43,44].
Essential oil chemical composition is well known to depend on various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, climatic conditions and geographical location, collection time, drying, and distillation mode [45]. Despite widespread distribution and the availability of many Artemisia spp., the essential oil composition studies of this genus are minimal. Previous studies described a few chemotypes [17,20]. Some researchers from different parts of the world have studied the essential oil composition of some Artemisia spp. They have reported significant variation in the components of Artemisia essential oils and identified different chemotypes of Artemisia spp. Sati et al. [44] reported thujone (36.35%), β-thujone (9.37%), germacrene (6.32%), and 4-terpineol (6.31%) as major constituents of A. nilagirica. In another study, nerolidol, camphor, and α-thujones were identified as major constituents of A. absinthium essential oils [9,46,47]. High concentrations of borneol, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, and sabinen have been reported in A. amygdalina [48]. Camphor, 1,8-cineole, camphene, spathulenol, and germacrene were reported to be present in aerial parts of A. annua [49,50]. Satyal et al. [51] identified chrysanthenone, coumarin, and camphor as the major components in A. dubia essential oil.
Artemisia ketone, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and pinocarvone were major compounds found in A. gmelinii essential oil [5]. Davanone, β-pinene, and germacrene have been reported as major components of A. indica essential oil [52], whereas linalool, spathulenol, germacrene, and β-elemene have been reported from A. japonica essential oil [37,53]. Weyerstahl et al. [54] reported cis-chrysanthenyl acetate silphiperfol-5-en-3-ol A, presilphiperfolan-9α-ol, artedouglasia oxide, and α-zingiberene as main compounds in the essential oil of A. laciniata. Thujone, 3-thujanone, and cineole were the major constituents of A. macrocephala essential oil [55]. Artemisia maritima was reported to be rich in α-thujone and β-thujone [5,56]. Germacrene, β-eudesmol, chrysanthenone, 1,8-cineole, and β-pinene oxide were found to be the major constituents of A. myriantha essential oil [57]. In A. nilagirica, the major components were α-thujone, β-thujone, 4-terpineol, borneol, linalool, isopulegyl acetate, and sabinene [18]. The main components identified in the essential oil of A. parviflora were β-caryophyllene, germacrene, camphor, artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole, α-copaene, artemisia alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, caryophyllene oxide, α-pinene, and sabinyl acetate [50]. Nikbakht et al. [13] and Sadeghpour et al. [58] reported β-thujone, davanone, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, limonene, α-pinene, davanone, ether isomer, and thujene as the main components in A. persica essential oil.
The main compounds in A. salsoloides essential oil were reported to be 2,4-Penta diynylbenzene, β-trans-ocimene, sabinene, and 2,5-etheno(4,2,2)propella-3,7,9-triene [59]. Artemisia roxburghiana essential oil had artemisia alcohol, β-eudesmol, cis-sabinene hydrate, caryophyllene oxide, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, borneol, eucarvone, α-thujone, and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate as main constituents [5]. Sharopov and Setzer [60] found β-thujone and α-thujone in A. rutifolia essential oil, while nerolidol, α-thujone, β-thujone, cineole, terpin-4-ol, and p-cymene were the major constituents in A. santolinifolia essential oil [61]. Singh et al. [62] studied A. scoparia and found β-myrcene, β-ocimene, limonene, and γ-terpinene as the main compounds in its essential oil. In A. sieversiana, 1,8-cineole, geranyl butyrate, borneol, and camphor were the main constituents of essential oil [63]. Kazemi et al. [64] analyzed A. tournefortiana essential oil and found trans-thujone, sabinene, and β-pinene as the major constituents. Further, Carnat et al. [65] studied the essential oil of A. verlotiorum and identified 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, β-thujone, germacrene, and caryophyllene oxide as its major constituents. Artemisia ketone, α-phellandrene, artemisia alcohol, β-caryophyllene, and 1,8-cineole were identified as the main constituents in A. vestita oil [66]. Haider et al. [67] investigated the essential oil of A. vulgaris and reported camphor, isoborneol, 1,8-cineole, and α-thujone as the main components. In A. wallichiana sabinene, germacrene and vulgarone were major constituents of essential oil [68].
Artemisia ketone is mentioned as a chemotype of A. nilagirica var. septentrionalis [21]. A series of chemotypes have been identified for A. annua, such as artemisia ketone, camphor, β-cubebene, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and β-selinene [7]. Further present investigation revealed the presence of new essential oil components/chemotypes of the Artemisia resources, which were not described before from the study area. There is no literature available on the essential oil composition of A. austrohimalayana, A. banihalensis, A. macrocephala, A. desertorum, A. filiformilobulata, A. roxburghiana var. grata, A. stracheyi, and A. cashemirica. These species have been studied for the first time. The detailed essential oil composition of these accessions is given in Supplementary Table S2. Previous studies have revealed that crude extracts, single compounds, and essential oils of A. annua, A. macrocephala, A. persica, A. absinthium, A. sacrorum, A. sieversiana, and A. amygdalina exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer [8,9,55,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. They have significant applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

3.3. Chemical Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)

The first two principal components showed the highest variation. PC1 explained 28.32% of the total variation and had a positive correlation with thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, borneol, artemisia ketone, and p-cymene. The PC2 showed 16.80% of the total variation and had a high negative correlation with verbenyl acetate and β-eudesmol.
Since PC1 and PC2 possessed a significant share in chemical constituents, scatter plots for the first two components were made to evaluate phytochemical distance (Figure 2a,b). According to the PCA, the studied accessions were divided into four groups. As shown in Figure 2, the presence and amounts of some essential oil compounds helped identify groups. For example, the accessions Ad62, As25, Ar77, and Av22, characterized by the camphor, limonene, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, and borneol, were situated in the low right quadrant of the plot. The accessions Ap44, Ap43, Aa15, and Ag49, characterized by thujone, 1,8-cineole, verbenyl acetate, spathulenol, and p-cymene, were in the top right quadrant of the plot.
A dendrogram constructed from the statistical analysis of the identified compounds of each accession is shown in Figure 3. Essential oil composition showed notable differences among the studied Artemisia spp. accessions. The dendrogram of 81 accessions consisted of two major clusters named A and B. Accessions with relatively high amounts of verbenyl acetate were grouped in Cluster B. These accessions were Aru 56 (38.66%), Aste58 (44.49%), Aab11 (62.87%), Aab12 (74.87%) and Aab13 (80.67%). The results indicate that the accessions of A. absinthium (Aab11, Aab12, and Aab13) fall in the same clusters due to similar major compounds.
Cluster A contained the accessions of 35 Artemisia spp. and was divided into two further sub-groups, A1 and A2. Sub-group A1 contained accessions characterized by a considerable percentage of thujone. These accessions were Aa15 (52.84%), Amo41 (55.74%), Ami54 (51.96%), Ami53 (45.33%), and Af74 (35.54%). Sub-group A2 was further segregated into A2a and A2b sub-groups. Sub-group A2a comprised accessions of 16 Artemisia spp., and most of the accessions of these species fall in this group due to similar constituents. Group A2b formed two sub-groups, A2ba and A2bb. Sub-group A2ba contained only one accession, Ar78, which was characterized by the presence of α-eudesmol (61.05%). Many of the species in the dendrogram are segregated due to the presence of some unique compounds specific to a particular species or accession.
The essential oils or particular chemical components of many of these species have the potential for the development of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic medicines/products [8,9,55,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. The data on essential oil profiles of Artemisia spp. generated in the present study will provide the baseline information about chemical diversity in the genus Artemisia from the WH and TH regions of India. The important components in the essential oils of the studied Artemisia spp. such as davanone, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and artemisia ketone, have high industrial value. Reporting of such components in the essential oils of the studied Artemisia spp. offer great opportunities to expand such resources to meet the market supplies of specific essential oils or single molecules. Further, by exploiting these resources, we can decrease the pressure from other plant species. For instance, some species of Eucalyptus, a highly water-requiring tree species, are mainly over-exploited for the production of 1,8-cineole, which leads to adverse environmental impact. Similarly, the current trend is to overexploit wild populations of many important plant species for essential oils, which leads to biodiversity loss and disturbances. Most of the studied Artemisia spp. grow as weeds in the wasteland, and they do not require much water and nutrients to grow. Some of the studied Artemesia spp. and their identified chemotypes can be targeted to develop new high-value varieties that could be used for the production of specific essential oils or their components at an industrial scale. That will help us to reduce pressure on other species and provide us with an alternative sustainable resource, which can also be promoted for cultivation in the region. The cultivation of some of these Artemisia spp. will be helpful in mitigating the demand for specific essential oils or important components, which will lead to a sustainable essential oil industry.
The current study’s findings made it abundantly evident that there was significant chemical variation among the essential oils of the studied eighty-one accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. from India’s WH and TH regions. Accessions of different and even the same species differed considerably in essential oil yield and chemotypic characteristics. Identifying major components in the Artemisia essential oils in the present study has provided a chemical fingerprint for the authentication and identification of these complex species. This information will serve as a practical tool to resolve taxonomic ambiguities in these species. Most of these species have not been earlier investigated in this region to such a large extent. Therefore, information on essential oil characterization is of great commercial significance and helpful in developing new varieties of Artemisia germplasm from this region for flavor, fragrance, aroma, and pharmaceutical industries.

4. Conclusions

Since most of the Artemisia spp. was reported to be growing in natural conditions in mostly dry areas on wastelands, their cultivation can be promoted in these areas. It would help to bring unutilized barren wastelands into use and provide an alternate source of income to the people. For example, some products from Artemisia spp. collected from the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, where vegetation is scarce, could be developed to provide a major source of income to the poor and unemployed people of the region. Agrotechnologies for all the reported species except A. annua and A. pallens have not been developed. There is a need to develop new cultivars, varieties, and agro-technologies for the economically important Artemisia spp. to promote their cultivation. We hope that the information generated in the present study will help researchers plan future studies and initiate new research on these under-explored/underutilized Artemisia spp., which have a lot of potential for product development. Further, the essential oils of many of these species can be used pharmacologically. Therefore, this study offers great opportunities for inhabitants of the region to cultivate these species and meet the industrial supply of specific essential oils or compounds. Our study will contribute to the knowledge of the chemical diversity of Artemisia spp., which may enhance our ability to utilize Indian Artemisia resources for industrial use. Further breeding programs and research on Artemisia evolution may benefit from our findings.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/resources14030042/s1, Table S1. Major compounds (>10% in at least one accession) detected in the essential oil of the studied Artemisia accessions from the WH and TH regions of India; Table S2. Essential oil chemical composition of A. austrohimalayana, A. banihalensis, A. macrocephala, A. desertorum, A. filiformilobulata, A. roxburghiana var. grata, A. stracheyi, A. cashemirica, and two unidentified Artemisia spp. accessions; Figure S1. Color variation in the essential oils of collected Artemisia spp. Accessions. Note: Aca81 Picture is not included due to the meager amount of oil obtained; Figure S2. Unidentified Artemisia spp. (A) Accession Aun39, (B) Accession Au75.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.G. and B.K.; methodology, S.G. and B.K.; software, B.K.; validation, S.G. and B.K.; formal analysis, B.K. and I.A.W.; investigation, B.K., J.F.L. and I.A.W.; resources, S.G.; data curation, B.K.; writing—original draft preparation, B.K.; writing—review and editing, S.G. and K.S.; visualization, B.K.; supervision, S.G.; project administration, S.G. and K.S.; funding acquisition, S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Director of IIIM Jammu for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors declare no competing or financial interest.

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Figure 1. Map of the study area showing collection sites (red dots) of studied Artemisia accessions.
Figure 1. Map of the study area showing collection sites (red dots) of studied Artemisia accessions.
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Figure 2. (a) PCA score plot for the main variation in essential oil composition among Artemisia spp. accessions. (b) Loading plot for essential oil components explaining 42.31% of the variation on PC1 and PC2 axes.
Figure 2. (a) PCA score plot for the main variation in essential oil composition among Artemisia spp. accessions. (b) Loading plot for essential oil components explaining 42.31% of the variation on PC1 and PC2 axes.
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Figure 3. Dendrogram generated by cluster analysis of the essential oil composition of eighty-one Artemisia accessions using the HCA by Ward’s method.
Figure 3. Dendrogram generated by cluster analysis of the essential oil composition of eighty-one Artemisia accessions using the HCA by Ward’s method.
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Table 1. Details of the studied accessions of Artemisia spp. from WH and TH regions of India.
Table 1. Details of the studied accessions of Artemisia spp. from WH and TH regions of India.
Accession CodeArtemisia spp.Locality, DistrictState/UTAltitude
(m asl)		Latitude
(N)		Longitude
(E)		Accession No. (RRLH-)DOC
Av1Artemisia vulgaris L.Kud, UdhampurJ&K173733°04.905′075°18.021′271577 September 2021
Av2Artemisia vulgaris L.Champari, UdhampurJ&K107933°01.580′075°16.100′2720310 June 2022
Av3Artemisia vulgaris L.Shattanie nallah, BanihalJ&K213733°30.090′075°11.280′273787 September 2022
Av4Artemisia vulgaris L.Nooriechamb, PoonchJ&K183433°21.036′074°12.360′274295 October 2022
Av5Artemisia vulgaris L.Thanamandi, RajouriJ&K152233°32.050′074°22.117′274345 October 2022
Av6Artemisia vulgaris L.Jhunjhun, ShimlaHP72931°18.260′077°20.234′2743418 July 2021
Av7Artemisia vulgaris L.Dhari Devi, Srinagar, PauriUK68030°14.928′078°52.552′2739712 September 2022
Am8Artemisia maritima L.Shalimar, KishtwarJ&K150933°52.380′075°11.330′2721718May 2022
Am9Artemisia maritima L.Sohal, PaddarJ&K197633°10.240′076°15.350′272123 May 2022
Am10Artemisia maritima L.Achora, Gurez valleyJ&K247034°38.121′074°51.863′272484 July 2022
Aab11Artemisia absinthium L.Kangan, GanderbalJ&K179734°16.081′074°53.859′272716 July 2022
Aab12Artemisia absinthium L.Kasnad, AnantnagJ&K202333°52.380′075°11.330′2714030 July 2021
Aab13Artemisia absinthium L.Aru, PehalgamJ&K245034°05.627′075°15.961′272252 July 2022
Aa14Artemisia annua L.CSIR-IIIM, JammuJ&K32232°43.890′037°51.030′272085 June 2022
Aa15Artemisia annua L.Siachen, Nubra valleyLadakh351535°09.349′077°14.152′273256 August 2022
An16Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.Thanda paddar, UdhampurJ&K67832°53.450′075°08.090′2719811 June 2022
An17Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.Sandhrani, KatraJ&K71332°13.440’075°06.110’272058 June 2022
An18Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.Rishikesh, HaridwarUK115430°10.168’078°17.893’273819 September 2022
Ac19Artemisia cashemirica M.K.Kaul and S.K.BakshiBain, UdhampurJ&K121433°01.455′075°19.355′2719610 June 2022
Aj20Artemisia japonica Thunb.Kosari Devi, AlmoraUK186529°38.862′079°39.796′2742216 September 2022
Aj21Artemisia japonica Thunb.Pataligarh, RudrapryagUK147930°29.925′079°06.175′2740012 September 2022
Ave22Artemisia vestita Wall. ex BesserGaurikund, UdhampurJ&K177633°02.566′075°21.375′2720110 June 2022
Ave23Artemisia vestita Wall. ex BesserKasnad, AnantnagJ&K202333°52.380′075°11.330′272206 June 2022
Ave24Artemisia vestita Wall. ex BesserKasnad, AnantnagJ&K202333°52.380′075°11.330′272453 July 2022
As25Artemisia scoparia Waldst and KitamKrishanpur, JammuJ&K38232°45.340′074°56.320′2722219 June 2022
As26Artemisia scoparia Waldst and KitamKoksar, Kargil, LadakhLadakh278634°34.390′075°59.383′2735110 August 2022
As27Artemisia scoparia Waldst and KitamSisoo, Lahaul and SpitiHP306532°27.470′077°08.659′273686 September 2022
Ai28Artemisia indica Willd.Chopta forest, ChamoliUK275130°28.120′079°13.192′2740813 September 2022
Ai29Artemisia indica Willd.Aru, PehalgamJ&K232134°03.579′075°17.032’272282 July 2022
Ai30Artemisia indica Willd.Frislan, PehalgamJ&K248734°03.701’075°22.117’272332 July 2022
Ain31Artemisia incisa Pamp.Aru valley, PehalgamJ&K231534°03.578’075°17.032’272302 July 2022
Ala32Artemisia laciniata Willd.Achora, Gurez valleyJ&K249734°03.568’075°17.031’272584 July 2022
Ala33Artemisia laciniata Willd.Betab valley, PehalgamJ&K248734°03.701′075°22.117′272412 July 2022
Ala34Artemisia laciniata Willd.Hangbal, SonamargJ&K251734°17.543′075°14.337′272696 July 2022
Asi35Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.Thang LOC village, TurtukLadakh279734°52.567′076°49.010′273195 August 2022
Asi36Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.Drass, KargilLadakh312534°24.982′075°43.224′272791 August 2022
Asi37Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.Sikander post LOC, Gurez valleyJ&K251034°39.158′074°41.980′272514 July 2022
Aam38Artemisia amygdalina Decne.Chorwan nallah 2, Gurez valleyJ&K250834°39.131′074°53.672′272554 July 2022
Aun39Artemisia species unidentified-1Kishanganga dam, Gurez valleyJ&K247134°39.121′074°51.863′272615 July 2022
Aver40Artemisia verlotiorum LamotteBakhtoor, Gurez valleyJ&K243734°39.150′074°41.148′272645 July 2022
Amo41Artemisia moorcroftiana MattfChattergalla top, KathuaJ&K318232°52.655′075°43.596′273576 September 2022
Amo42Artemisia moorcroftiana Mattf.Rana top, Razdan Pass, Gurez valleyJ&K317534°30.390′074°38.140′272665 July 2022
Ap43Artemisia persica Boiss.Drass, KargilLadakh312534°24.982′075°43.224′272761 August 2022
Ap44Artemisia persica Boiss.Sankoo, KargilLadakh296534°17.331′075°57.985′272901 August 2022
Ap45Artemisia persica Boiss.Drass, KargilLadakh316534°24.968′075°43.214′272821 August 2022
Asa46Artemisia salsoloides Willd.Panikher, ZanskarLadakh320834°12.056′075°55.880′272861 August 2022
Asa47Artemisia salsoloides Willd.Drass, KargilLadakh313034°24.982′075°43.224′273542 August 2022
Agm48Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm.Gangotri, UttarkashiLadakh299630°39.974′078°55.145′2738710 September 2022
Agm49Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm.Sankoo, KargilLadakh296534°17.331′075°57.985′272932 August 2022
Ato50Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb.Pampore, PulwamaLadakh158933°89.158′075°02.575′272737 July 2022
Abi51Artemisia biennis WilldBasti nallah, Bhaderwah, DodaLadakh198432°55.989′075°39.680′273636 September 2022
Abi52Artemisia biennis WilldSankoo, KargilLadakh291534°32.361′076°097.58′272972 August 2022
Ami53Artemisia minor Jacquem. ex BesserGaugles, LehLadakh407534°12.329′077°37.375′273004 August 2022
Ami54Artemisia minor Jacquem. ex BesserSaboo, LehLadakh386034°09.127′077°39.538′273429 August 2022
Ama55Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex BesserSouth Pullu, LehLadakh504634°18.302′077°36.892′273084 August 2022
Aru56Artemisia rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng. 1Siachen, Nubra valleyLadakh351535°09.349′077°14.152′273296 August 2022
Aru57Artemisia rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng. 1Khardung village, Nubra valleyLadakh400134°25.049′077°39.318′273124 August 2022
Aste58Artemisia stechmanniana Besser 2South Pullu, LehLadakh437434°13.625′077°37.176′273044 August 2022
Aste59Artemisia stechmanniana Besser 2Khalsar road, Nubra valleyLadakh400134°25.049′077°39.318′273154 August 2022
Aste60Artemisia stechmanniana Besser 2Tso-tak, Changla PassLadakh451734°05.986′078°02.433′273368 August 2022
Ad61Artemisia desertorum SprengPangong, Changthang valleyLadakh431033°57.884′078°23.157′273337 August 2022
Ad62Artemisia desertorum SprengChangmur, Nubra valleyLadakh313834°38.067′077°25.159′273225 August 2022
Ast63Artemisia stracheyi Hook.f. and Thomson ex C.B.ClarkeTso-tak, Changla PassLadakh451734°05.986′078°02.433′273398 August 2022
Abr64Artemisia brevifolia Wall. 3Saboo near the SP officeLadakh346834°07.607′077°36.602′273459 August 2022
Abr65Artemisia brevifolia Wall. 3Namki-La, KargilLadakh383234°23.529′076°27.070′273489 August 2022
Adu66Artemisia dubia Wall. ex BesserBelow Chattergalla, DodaJ&K312532°52.619′075°43.695′273606 September 2022
Amy67Artemisia myriantha Y.R.LingPul Doda, DodaJ&K87133°08.100′075°33.430′273696 September 2022
Amy68Artemisia myriantha Y.R.LingKapkot, BageshwarUK85829°48.799′079°46.492′274207 September 2022
Ab69Artemisia banihalensis M.K.Kaul and S.K.BakshiBanihal, RambanJ&K210933°29.580′075°11.150′273727 September 2022
Ag70Artemisia glauca Hook.f.Jawahar tunnel, RambanJ&K223533°29.530′075°12.050′273755 October 2022
Ag71Artemisia glauca Hook.f.Nooriechamb, PoonchJ&K183433°21.036′074°12.360′2742610 September 2022
Aau72Artemisia austrohimalayaensis Y.R.Ling and PuriHarshil, UttarkashiUK242230°59.975′078°92.204′2738410 September 2022
Af73Artemisia filiformilobulata Y.R.Ling and PuriGangotri, UttarkashiUK299630°39.974′078°55.145′2739014 September 2022
Af74Artemisia filiformilobulata Y.R.Ling and PuriNear Bhim Pul, Mana, ChamoliUK317230°45.985′079°29.985′2741012 September 2022
Au75Artemisia species unidentified-2Sari, RudraprayagUK195630°51.751′079°14.424′2740213 September 2022
Aw76Artemisia wallichiana BesserMandal Chopta forest, ChamoliUK275130°28.120′079°13.192′2740515 September 2022
Ar77Artemisia roxburghiana BesserBajun, NainitalUK185629°22.952′079°26.117′2742417 September 2022
Ar78Artemisia roxburghiana BesserKud, UdhampurJ&K174033°04.905′075°18.021′271667 September 2021
Ar79Artemisia roxburghiana BesserManji khet, Pauri Garhwal UK198130°30.205′078°32.980′2739311 September 2022
Arg80Artemisia roxburghiana Besser var. grataBafliaz, PoonchJ&K181933°36.030′074°24.040′274315 October 2022
Aca81Artemisia capillaris Thunb.Manwa, BhaderwahJ&K186533°02.258′075°41.022′274754 January 2023
Synonyms: 1 Artemisia falconeri C.B.Clarke, 2 Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasc, 3 Seriphidium brevifolium (Wall. ex DC.) Ling and Y.R.Ling. Abbreviations: Ladakh = Union Territory of Ladakh, UK = Uttarakhand, HP =Himachal Pradesh, J&K = Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, WH = Western Himalaya, TH-Trans Himalaya, UT = Union territory, RRLH = Regional Research Laboratory Herbarium, DOC = Date of collection.
Table 2. The yield (v/w%) and color of essential oils of collected accessions of Artemisia spp.
Table 2. The yield (v/w%) and color of essential oils of collected accessions of Artemisia spp.
S.No.Accession CodeYield%ColorS.No.Accession CodeYield%ColorS.No.Accession CodeYield%Color
1Av10.30Light greenish gray28Ai280.50White55Ama550.22Dark olive gray
2Av20.83Light greenish gray29Ai290.10Grayish green56Aru560.66White
3Av30.21Light olive green30Ai300.05Olive57Aru570.48Yellow
4Av40.15Crimson blue31Ain310.21Pale olive58Aste580.22Yellow
5Av50.56Pale olive32Ala321.09Light red59Aste590.40Olive gray
6Av60.92Yellow33Ala331.20Olive yellow60Aste600.43Yellow
7Av70.90Pale olive34Ala341.09Olive yellow61Ad610.54Pale yellow
8Am80.33Yellow35Asi350.11Dusky red62Ad620.26White
9Am90.53Pale yellow36Asi360.18Dusky red63Ast630.82Yellow
10Am101.20Yellow37Asi370.42Crimson blue64Abr640.59Pale yellow
11Aab110.16Olive yellow38Aam380.04Grayish green65Abr650.67Yellow
12Aab120.75Dusky red39Aun390.02Reddish yellow66Adu660.37Pale olive
13Aab130.47Very dusky red40Aver400.22White67Amy670.50Light olive green
14Aa140.33Pale yellow41Amo410.22Yellow68Amy680.71Light olive green
15Aa150.90Yellow42Amo420.55Yellow69Ab690.25Red
16An160.52Pale yellow43Ap430.30Light red70Ag700.20Red
17An170.76Light greenish gray44Ap440.25Yellow71Ag710.73Red
18An180.93Pale olive45Ap450.13Yellow72Aau720.20Very dark grayish olive
19Ac190.062Yellow46Asa461.05Red73Af730.12Pale brown
20Aj200.05Yellow47Asa470.28Red74Af740.37Pale olive
21Aj210.27Olive yellow48Agm480.94Yellow75Au751.33Pale olive
22Ave220.73Pale yellow49Agm490.62Yellow76Aw760.50Light bluish gray
23Ave231.65Light greenish gray50Ato500.05Olive yellow77Ar770.40Very dark grayish olive
24Ave240.85Pale olive51Abi510.04Olive yellow78Ar780.10Crimson blue
25As251.44Light greenish gray52Abi520.03Red79Ar790.70Very dark brown
26As260.24Yellow53Ami530.34Pale yellow80Arg800.26Pale olive
27As270.40White54Ami540.15Yellow81Aca810.12Light olive green
Table 3. The chemical variability of major compounds (>2%) in the essential oils of the studied Artemisia accessions from the WH and TH regions of India.
Table 3. The chemical variability of major compounds (>2%) in the essential oils of the studied Artemisia accessions from the WH and TH regions of India.
Accession CodeNo of the Compounds IdentifiedMajor Compounds (>2%) Detected in the Essential Oil of Artemisia Accessions Arranged in the Decreasing Order of Their (%) Concentration in the Oil
Av137Santolina triene (20.18%), β-eudesmol (12.47%), artemisia ketone (9.88%), thujone (8.21%), 1-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propynyl)cyclopropane (5.67%), artemisia alcohol (4.63%), cis-verbenol (4.70%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (4.04%), α-pinene (2.84%), chrysanthenone (2.33%), α-cadinol (2.37%), 2,3-bornanediol (2.12%)
Av216β-eudesmol (23.43%), borneol (22.12%), camphor (16.80%), β-phellandrene (12.69%), 1,8-cineole (9.80%), thujone (2.54%), bornyl acetate (2.80%), β-eudesmene (2.70%)
Av332Thujone (20.24%), β-eudesmol (16.94%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (9.55%), 1,8-cineole (7.19%), caryophyllene oxide (5.84%), cis-β-terpineol (4.47%), borneol (4.2%), pinocarveol (3.98%), camphor (3.79%), caryophyllene (2.31%), 4-terpineol (2.15%)
Av427Caryophyllene oxide (25.48%), borneol (11.62%), camphor (8.40%), caryophyllene (7.64%), cubenol (6.59%), agarospirol (6.37%), 1,8-cineole (5.90%), thujone (3.68%), spathulenol (2.55%), isopulegol (2.13%)
Av525Camphor (16.21%), thujone (12.02%), β-eudesmol (9.37%), myrtenol (7.87%), 1,8-cineole (6.72%), artemesia alcohol (7.54%), cis-verbenol (6.13%), 4-terpineol (4.98%), 1-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propynyl)cyclopropane (4.56%), isothujol (4.39%), artemisia ketone (3.81%), caryophyllene oxide (3.33%), borneol(2.73%), cis-β-terpineol (2.07%)
Av628β-eudesmol (23.06%), camphor (18.07%), thujone (10.28%), 1,8-cineole (6.79%), caryophyllene oxide (6.10%), borneol (4.25%), δ-cadinene (3.96%), caryophyllene (3.82%), 4-terpineol (3.71%), isothujol (3.42%), germacrene (3.03%)
Av746Pinocarveol(18.47%), artemisia ketone (14.65%), γ-eudesmol (8.82%), cis-β-terpineol (7.31%), β-cubebene (5.30%), caryophyllene oxide (5.10%), artemesia alcohol (4.94%), 1,8-cineole (3.34%), α-caryophyllene (3.07%), β-sesquiphellandrene (2.68%),yomogi alcohol (2.29%), borneol(2.29%), germacrene (2.29%)
Am815Chrysanthenone (37.14%), verbenyl acetate (15.70%), myrtenol (11.49%), pinocarveol (10.63%), 1,8-cineole (9.19%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (5.35%), camphor (3.79%), thujone (2.47%)
Am926Chrysanthenone (35.14%), myrtenol (20.15%), 1,8-cineole (16.87%), pinocarveol (3.99%), verbenyl acetate (3.48%), cis-verbenone (3.70%), thujone (2.46%), 1,6-dimethylhepta-1,3,5-triene (2.38%)
Am1029Camphor (47.40%), 1,8-cineole (9.66%), borneol (8.69%), thujone (7.13%), verbenyl acetate (3.55%), p-cymene (3.01%), 4-terpineol (2.82%), bornyl acetate (2.90%), myrtenol (2.60%)
Aab1127Verbenyl acetate (62.87%), thujone (5.98%), 1,8-cineole (5.56%), cis-verbenone (5.13%), camphor (2.69%)
Aab1218Verbenyl acetate (74.91%), myrtenol (5.12%), 1,8-cineole (4.43%), camphor (3.26%), cis-verbenol (2.87%)
Aab1316Verbenyl acetate (80.67%), 1,8-cineole (6.12%), camphor (4.07%), cis-verbenol (3.63%), thujone (3.00%)
Aa1419Camphor (39.97%), caryophyllene (12.86%), Germacrene (10.25%), 1,8-cineole (7.92%), γ-himachalene (5.02%), spathulenol (4.26%), caryophyllene oxide (4.14%), (1S,3S,5S)-1-Isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo [3.1.0]hexan-3-yl acetate (2.26%)
Aa1534Thujone (52.84%), 1,8-cineole (7.71%), terpinolen (6.77%), camphor (4.26%), 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.79%), p-cymene (3.23%), p-menth-4(8)-en-9-ol (2.26%)
An1626Camphor (28.68%), 1,8-cineole (15.47%), borneol (12.45%), β-eudesmol (12.45%), terpinolen (4.00%), p-cymene (2.59%), camphene (2.50%), bornyl acetate (2.92%), cis-β-terpineol (2.14%)
An1720Camphor (19.60%), 1,8-cineole (11.43%), β-eudesmol (10.30%), borneol (10.12%), cis-verbenone (9.58%), thujone (9.48%), caryophyllene (5.36%), 4-terpineol (4.84%), δ-cadinene (3.28%), germacrene (3.06%), bornyl acetate (2.97%), caryophyllene oxide (2.58%), artemisia ketone (2.21%), cis-β-terpineol (2.02%)
An1833Thujone (23.23%), β-eudesmol (12.38%), camphor (11.83%), 1,8-cineole (7.23%), borneol (5.53%), caryophyllene (5.06%), β-phellandrene (3.73%), 4-terpineol (3.28%), cis-β-terpineol (2.89%), artemisia ketone (2.11%), caryophyllene oxide (2.05%)
Ac19161,8-cineole (22.68%), caryophyllene oxide (19.72%), camphor (20.45%), 1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (11.52%), thujone (7.54%), verbenyl acetate (6.90%), endo-borneol (6.00%), eucarvone (5.19%)
Aj2023Caryophyllene oxide (27.46%), 1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (13.39%), thujone (11.10%), 1,8-cineole (7.53%), spathulenol (6.66%), camphor (5.35%), aristolene epoxide (5.28%), cis-verbenone (4.31%), epiglobulol (3.54%), caryophyllene (2.24%), artemisia ketone (2.60%)
Aj2144Caryophyllene oxide (25.27%), thujone (8.53%), artemesia alcohol (7.21%), 1,8-cineole (5.98%), spathulenol (4.52%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (4.32%), davanone (4.21%), camphor (4.04%), caryophyllene (3.76%), p-cymene (2.78%), artemisia ketone (2.77%), lilac aldehyde (2.30%), 1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (2.01%)
Ave2219Borneol (34.56%), camphor (18.23%), bornyl acetate (10.85%), 1,8-cineole (7.05%), thujone (6.37%), β-eudesmol (4.28%)
Ave2317Camphor (15.01%), borneol (13.73%), chrysanthenone (12.67%), artemesia alcohol (10.14%), 1,8-cineole (9.34%), 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol (9.14%), β-eudesmol (8.97%), verbenyl acetate (4.77%), bornyl acetate (3.13%), yomogi alcohol (3.02%), cis-verbenol (2.32%), cis-verbenone (2.15%), caryophyllene oxide (2.04%)
Ave2425Camphor (21.67%), 1,8-cineole (11.86%), 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol (11.12%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (10.65%), β-eudesmol (8.09%), thujone (5.44%), artemesia alcohol (4.51%), verbenyl acetate (3.22%), cis-verbenone (2.99%), caryophyllene oxide (2.74%), yomogi alcohol (2.44%), artemisia ketone (2.32%), borneol(2.19%), cis-verbenol (2.06%)
As2525Limonene (38.60%), p-cymene (20.24%), β-pinene (9.89%), limonene (5.21%), β-trans-ocimene (5.18%), benzene,2,4-pentadiynyl (3.91%), 1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (2.90%)
As26261,8-cineole (18.51%), thujone (14.66%), camphor (9.68%), caryophyllene oxide (9.65%), spathulenol (9.70%), cis-verbenone (5.86%), p-cymene (5.19%), caryophyllene (3.82%), artemisia ketone (3.48%), 3-carene (3.39%), verbenyl acetate (2.87%), trans-3(10)-caren-2-ol (2.78%), β-pinene (2.31%)
As2730Caryophyllene (26.53%), caryophyllene oxide (11.25%), thujone (11.20%), 1,8-cineole (10.13%), camphor (7.80%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (5.40%), p-cymene (3.33%), 4-terpineol (2.61%), spathulenol (2.37%), α-amorphene (2.09%), artemisia ketone (2.08%)
Ai2832Caryophyllene oxide (21.77%), curcumene (10.09%), spathulenol (8.83%), thujone (8.49%), camphor (8.08%), verbenyl acetate (5.40%), 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrophenanthrene-9-carboxylic acid methyl ester (5.05%), aromadendrene (3.83%), 1,8-cineole (3.57%), α-cadinol (3.45%), 1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (2.89%), borneol(2.34%), 4-terpineol (2.21%)
Ai2922Borneol (16.53%), germacrene (16.29%), camphor (11.67%), caryophyllene oxide (10.47%), 1,8-cineole (10.13%), caryophyllene (7.11%), thujone (5.56%), bornyl acetate (3.69%), spathulenol (2.98%), verbenyl acetate (2.47%), acoradien (2.11%)
Ai3021β-eudesmol (31.91%), caryophyllene oxide (13.06%), caryophyllene (10.58%), camphor (9.81%), 1,8-cineole (6.37%), β-cubebene (5.37%), thujone (5.36%), borneol (4.19%), myrtenol (2.95%), α-caryophyllene (2.29%)
Ain3125β-cubebene (12.26%), camphor (11.16%), caryophyllene oxide (10.67%, davanone(10.34%), thujone (8.28%), 1,8-cineole (7.16%), δ-cadinene (5.19%), widdrol (4.84%), caryophyllene (4.32%), borneol(4.19%), α-cadinol (4.16%), myrtenol (3.73%), 3-methylbut-2-enoic acid,4-nitrophenyl ester (2.62%),
Ala3230Camphor (28.50%), thujone (15.78%), 1,8-cineole (7.66%), 4-terpineol (7.22%), borneol (4.80%), myrtenol (3.52%), pinocarveol (3.34%), artemisia ketone (3.33%), p-cymene (3.20%), (-)-cis-sabinol (2.26%), cis-β-terpineol, (2.19%), 2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 4-ethyl-3,4-dimethyl (2.18%)
Ala3320Verbenyl acetate (22.36%), artemisia ketone (17.56%), camphor (17.10%), thujone (9.44%), 1,8-cineole (8.79%), yomogi alcohol (6.35%), artemesia alcohol (3.61%), p-cymene (3.00%), caryophyllene oxide (2.41%), lanceol, cis (2.25%)
Ala3456Furan,3-(4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadienyl)- (21.62%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (20.07%), 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-6-methylenecyclohexanone (5.36%), davanone (4.62%), 4-(3-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)pent-3-en-2-one (3.86%), 3-methylbut-2-enoic acid,4-nitrophenyl ester (2.57%), germacrene (2.60%), 2-methyl-1-nonen-3-yne (2.40%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (2.12%)
Asi3543Thujone (26.57%), cyclopropane, 1-(1-hydroxy-1-heptyl)-2-methylene-3-pentyl (9.41%), camphor (8.08%), 1,8-cineole (7.45%), piperitone (7.05%), spathulenol (6.47%), davanone (6.20%), p-cymene (3.48%), 4-terpineol (2.71%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (2.54%), β-pinene (2.53%)
Asi3622Camphor (32.22%), 1,8-cineole (18.2%), thujone (16.82%), endo-borneol (13.71%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (8.85%), cis-verbenone (5.24%), 2-thujene (3.09%)
Asi3732Camazulene (45.53%), linalyl iso-valerate (17.17%), 1,8-cineole (5.79%), germacrene (5.57%), 3-ethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indene (4.38%), terpineol (4.11%), camphor (3.03%), elixene (2.29%)
Aam3847α-bisabolol (21.67%), α-cadinol (8.32%), thujone (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (4.68%), 1,8-cineole (4.56%), camphor (4.54%), borneol (3.15%), verbenyl acetate (3.05%), curcumene (2.90%), germacrene (2.71%), caryophyllene (2.61%), p-cymene (2.49%), cedr-8-en-15-ol (2.32%), aromadendrene oxide-(2) (2.16%), δ-cadinene (2.03%)
Aun3963Spathulenol(38.82%), 1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (6.09%), 1,5,5,8-tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (6.09%), cubenol (5.69%), α-cadinol (4.81%), linalyl iso-valerate (3.33%), caryophyllene oxide (2.96%), aristolene epoxide (2.90%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (2.56%), 7R,8R-8-Hydroxy-4-isopropylidene-7-methylbicyclo [5.3.1]undec-1-ene (2.29%), aromadendrene oxide-(2) (2.03%)
Aver4036Myrtenol (23.68%), camphor (10.12%), borneol (9.29%), 1,8-cineole (8.10%), sabinen (7.73%), juniper camphor (4.86%), 4-terpineol (4.80%), thujone (4.58%), cis-verbenone (4.42%), caryophyllene oxide (3.20%), germacrene (2.14%), caryophyllene (2.10%)
Amo4127Thujone (55.74%), 1,8-cineole (8.53%), myrtenol (5.42%), sabinen (4.46%), camphor (3.54%), spathulenol (2.96%), pinocarveol (2.68%), artemisia ketone (2.14%), p-cymene (2.05%)
Amo4233cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (48.14%), camphor (12.66%), borneol (7.43%), 1,8-cineole (4.72%), thujone (4.70%), 2,3-bornanediol (4.05%), bornyl acetate (2.26%)
Ap4337α-terpinene (44.18%), 1,8-cineole (7.17%), piperitone oxide (6.35%), cyclohexanol,2-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-,acetate,(1α,2α,3α) (5.95%), thujone (5.22%), davanone (4.99%), p-cymene (4.37%), ascaridole (2.83%), camphor (2.50%), 4-terpineol (2.26%)
Ap44572-carene (27.91%), thujone (5.83%), p-cymene (5.38%), piperitone oxide (5.06%), 1,8-cineole (4.59%), 2-butyl-5-methyl-3-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)cyclohexanone (4.34%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.64%), camphor (3.63%), artemisia ketone (2.66%), 13-hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one (2.47%), ascaridole epoxide (2.41%), 10-methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (2.41%)
Ap4527α-terpinene (39.05%), 1,8-cineole (7.36%), piperitone oxide (6.90%), thujone (6.49%), camphor (6.41%), 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene (5.67%), p-cymene (3.25%), 4-terpineol (2.68%), 3,9-epoxy-p-mentha-1,8 (10)-diene (2.52%)
Asa46171,8-cineole (42.4%), camphor (15.23%), thujone (14.82%), β-pinene (10.8%), bicyclo [6.1.0]nonane, 9-(1-methylethylidene) (5.89%), bicyclo [4.1.0]heptane,7-(1-methylethylidene) (4.87%)
Asa4736Thujone (21.56%), 1,8-cineole (15.84%), camphor (13.47%), chrysanthenone (9.19%), verbenyl acetate (5.85%), artemisia ketone (5.83%), p-cymene (4.04%), 4-terpineol (3.81%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.15%), pinocarveol(2.93%), borneol(2.19%), 2-carene (2.07%)
Agm4829Davanone (20.29%), 1,8-cineole (16.99%), (3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexene (10.28%), thujone (9.93%), 1-oxetan-2-one,4,4-diethyl-3-methylene (8.32%), 4-terpineol (7.94%), pinocarveol (5.32%), camphor (4.84%), cyclohexanol,2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl) (4.22%), p-cymene (4.17%), artemisia ketone (3.23%), caryophyllene oxide (2.84%), myrtenol (2.71%), germacrene (2.31%), cedran-diol, 8S,14 (2.14%), caryophyllene (2.11%)
Agm4936Bornylene (19.63%), 1,8-cineole (9.92%), thujone (7.66%), camphor (7.39%), cyclohexanol,2-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-,acetate, (1α,2α,3α) (5.33%), p-cymene (4.28%), artemisia ketone (3.42%), 5-caranol,(1S,3R,5S,6R)-(-) (2.03%)
Ato50271,8-cineole (26.57%), thujone (22.70%), camphor (14.97%), verbenyl acetate (8.54%), caryophyllene oxide (8.21%), artemisia ketone (4.66%)
Abi5126Camphor (25.85%), 1,8-cineole (13.16%), 2-(1-Cyclopent-1-enyl-1-methylethyl) cyclopentanone (12.9%), thujone (8.79%), cis-myrtanol (3.56%), cubenol (3.37%), yomogi alcohol (3.34%), p-cymene (3.25%), 1,6-dimethylhepta-1,3,5-triene (3.16%), 2-cyclohexene-1-methanol, 2,6,6-trimethyl (2.64%), β-pinene (2.62%). α-cadinol (2.43%)
Abi52191,8-cineole (43.57%), camphor (27.7%), thujone (11.77%), β-pinene (10.05%), isothujol (2.36%), Z,Z,Z-1,4,6,9-Nonadecatetraene (4.55%)
Ami5334Thujone (45.33%), camphor (12.89%), 1,8-cineole (7.38%), p-cymene (4.13%), 4-terpineol (3.94%), β -phellandrene (3.05%), (2,2,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo [4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-methanol (2.83%), isopulegol (2.31%), pinocarveol (2.25%), artemisia ketone (2.12%)
Ami5428Thujone (51.96%), 1,8-cineole (9.59%), camphor (8.34%), p-cymene (5.06%), artemisia ketone (3.93%), 4-terpineol (3.69%)
Ama5523(1S,3S,5S)-1-Isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo [3.1.0]hexan-3-yl acetate (61.09%), 1,8-cineole (10.67%), camphor (7.13%), thujone (4.48%), caryophyllene oxide (3.09%), chrysanthenone (2.26%), m-Toluic acid,1-(cyclopentyl)ethyl ester (2.16%)
Aru5637Verbenyl acetate (38.66%), artemisia ketone (6.18%), ledene oxide-(I) (6.11%), 1,8-cineole (5.41%), camphor (5.23%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (4.24%), pinocarveol (3.98%), thujone (3.53%), cyclohexene,3-(3-methyl-1-butenyl)-,(E) (2.91%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (2.83%), p-cymene (2.51%), 5β,7βH,10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (2.07%)
Aru5736β-eudesmol (23.93%), thujone (9.65%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-ol (8.14%), 1,8-cineole (6.61%), camphor (5.85%), artemisia ketone (5.27%), caryophyllene oxide (4.24%), pinocarveol (3.60%), myrtenol (3.19%), p-cymene (3.06%), 4-terpineol (2.57%), caryophyllene (2.55%), borneol (2.19%)
Aste5836Verbenyl acetate (44.49%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (9.15%), 1,8-cineole (6.91%), 4-terpineol (6.46%), cis-verbenol (4.39%), thujone (3.33%), 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-Heptadien-2-ol (2.58%), myrtenol (2.48%), pinocarveol (2.38%), p-cymene (2.34%), camphor (2.30%)
Aste5944Chrysanthenone (9.12%), β-eudesmol (7.31%), 1,8-cineole (6.71%), artemisia ketone (6.59%), artemesia alcohol (5.89%), caryophyllene oxide (5.89%), davanone (5.54%), carane,4,5-epoxy-, trans (5.12%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (4.38%), camphor (4.13%), thujone (3.58%), cis-β-terpineol (3.24%), caryophyllene (2.75%), 4-terpineol (2.52%), p-cymene (2.31%), myrtenol (2.30%)
Aste6041Myrtenol (21.20%), 1,8-cineole (9.87%), 4,4-diethyl-3-methylene-1-oxetan-2-one (9.12%), camphor (8.09%), 2-carene (7.32%), sabinen (6.89%), 4-terpineol (5.95%), thujone (5.32%), p-cymene (3.87%), cis-verbenone (2.78%)
Ad6124Thujone (20.78%), 1,8-cineole (16.60%), spathulenol (14.60%), camphor (13.67%), p-cymene (6.02%), cis-verbenone (5.60%), β-pinene (4.97%), 4-terpineol (4.16%), terpinolen (3.85%), artemisia ketone (3.79%), verbenyl acetate (2.31%)
Ad62371,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E) (22.39%), p-cymene (14.18%), terpinolen (11.95%), β-pinene (7.82%), α-pinene (5.80%), spathulenol (3.80%), 4,6-heptadienoic acid, 3,3,6-trimethyl-,methyl ester (3.74%), curcumene (3.24%), limonene (2.91%), 5-isopropenyl-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0]heptan-2-ol (2.44%), linalool (2.12%), 3-oxabicyclo [4.3.0]non-8-en-2-one, cis (2.00%)
Ast6325Spathulenol (22.35%), 1,8-cineole (18.87%), camphor (11.78%), thujone (11.24%), p-cymene (5.38%), verbenyl acetate (3.55%), artemisia ketone (2.90%), cis-verbenone (2.67%), β -pinene (2.34%), sabinen (2.30%)
Abr64334-terpineol (26.06%), camphor (22.06%), thujone (10.2%), 1,8-cineole (8.97%), terpineol (5.79%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.64%), p-cymene (3.50%), bornyl acetate (2.36%)
Abr6539Camphor (36.14%), 1,8-cineole (13.29%), (5.43%), 4-terpineol (4.34%), bornyl acetate (4.18%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.56%), 5-caranol, (1S,3R,5S,6R)-(-) (3.20%), cis-β-terpineol (2.55%), thujone (9.52%), borneol(2.30%), artemisia ketone (2.25%), 5-Formyl-6-methyl-4,5-dihydropyran (2.04%), p-cymene (2.00%)
Adu6645Thujone (9.89%), 1,8-cineole (8.42%), caryophyllene oxide (8.14%), germacrene (7.45%), camphor (5.60%), caryophyllene (4.44%), davanone (4.36%), isoaromadendrene epoxide (4.21%), artemisia ketone (3.35%), verbenyl acetate (3.03%), 4-terpineol (2.62%), p-cymene (2.51%), 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptadien-2-ol (2.48%), terpineol (2.17%), borneol (2.02%)
Amy6731β-eudesmol (36.53%), thujone (9.52%), caryophyllene oxide (7.04%), camphor (6.7%), chrysanthenone (4.73%), 1,8-cineole (3.39%), 4-terpineol (3.15%), pinocarveol (3.00%), borneol (2.71%), artemisia ketone (2.01%)
Amy6839Artemisia ketone (19.33%), alcohol (12.9%), thujone (11.84%), 1,8-cineole (8.78%), camphor (4.41%), caryophyllene (3.94%), p-cymene (3.82%), β-eudesmol (3.66%), yomogi alcohol (3.09%), lavandulolacetate (3.06%), artemesiachrysanthenone (3.05%), germacrene (2.94%), 4-terpineol (2.24%), myrtenol (1.23%)
Ab6921Borneol (12.06%), germacrene (10.64%), 4-terpineol (10.51%), caryophyllene (8.39%), caryophyllene oxide (7.99%), α-eudesmol (5.67%), 1,8-cineole (5.64%), thujone (4.93%), linalool (3.46%), camphor (3.41%), cyclohexane,1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)- (2.94%), myrtenol (2.53%), γ-elemene (2.21%), calamenene (2.02%)
Ag70221,8-cineole (22.61%), thujone (16.86%), caryophyllene oxide (14.05%), camphor (10.37%), spathulenol (7.50%), cis-verbenone (6.74%), p-cymene (5.00%), artemisia ketone (4.45%),1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (2.13%), caryophyllene (2.06%)
Ag71291,8-cineole (25.27%), caryophyllene oxide (16.75%), thujone (14.56%), naphthalene,2-ethenyl (11.49%), camphor (8.35%), p-cymene (5.25%), bornyl acetate (4.61%), cis-verbenone (3.65%), artemisia ketone (2.46%)
Aau7231Caryophyllene (14.71%), spathulenol (12.21%), α-caryophyllene (11.82%), 1,8-cineole (11.46%), thujone (6.61%), cubebene (5.62%), caryophyllene oxide (5.26%), elixene (5.13%), camphor (4.22%), verbenyl acetate (2.98%), β-cis-verbenone (2.67%), 1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo [9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (2.31%) p-cymene (2.26%), β-pinene (2.23%)
Af7336Thujone (15.95%), camphor (10.58%), 1,8-cineole (9.36%), δ-cadinene (7.27%), cubenol (5.97%), cis-verbenone (5.22%), caryophyllene oxide (4.96%), verbenyl acetate (4.88%), α-selinene (4.05%), caryophyllene (3.86%), torreyol (3.51%), spathulenol (3.46%), artemisia ketone (2.86%), artemesia alcohol (2.38%), trans-3(10)-caren-2-ol (2.27%), 4-terpineol (2.20%), copaene (2.08%)
Af7431Thujone (35.54%), 1,8-cineole (8.38%), 4-terpineol (7.29%), longiverbenone (6.81%), camphor (4.61%), p-cymene (3.91%), β-eudesmol (3.14%), sabinen (2.80%), artemisia ketone (2.33%), chrysanthenone (2.21%), cis-β-terpineol (2.19%)
Au7542Epicubenol (11.24%), davanone (6.89%), epiglobulol (6.53%), cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (6.25%), thujone (5.28%), 1,4-methanoazulen-7-ol,decahydro-4,8,8,9-tetramethyl-,(+)- (4.59%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (3.98%), chrysanthenone (3.90%), cis-β-terpineol (3.75%), artemesia alcohol (3.18%), 4-terpineol (2.85%), caryophyllene (2.61%), 1,8-cineole(2.57%), 2H-1-Benzopyran-7-ol,3,4-dihydro-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)- (2.45%), trans-piperitol (2.12%), 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene (2.05%)
Aw7629β-eudesmol (18.62%), cis-β-terpineol (8.46%), 1,8-cineole (6.44%), chrysanthenone (6.23%), thujone (5.66%), caryophyllene oxide (4.82%), 2-cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis (4.73%), verbenyl acetate (3.84%), 4-terpineol (3.41%), camphor (3.25%), caryophyllene (3.01%), γ-eudesmol (2.93%), borneol(2.91%), isopinocarveol (2.80%), trans-piperitol (2.72%), cedren-13-ol,8- (2.30%), bornyl acetate (2.25%)
Ar7721Caryophyllene oxide (46.69%), 1,8-cineole (9.74%), thujone (8.13%), camphor (6.86%), borneol(4.51%), 4,6,6-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-3-oxatricyclo [5.1.0.0(2,4)]octane (2.87%), caryophyllene (2.71%), trans-carveyl acetate (2.50%), cyclohexane, (2-nitro-2-propenyl) (2.21%), o-mentha-1(7),8-dien-3-ol (2.09%)
Ar7817α-eudesmol (61.05%), germacrene (13.93%), verbenyl acetate (7.47%), camphor (7.21%), caryophyllene (5.64%), 1,8-cineole (4.70%)
Ar7944Germacrene (10.34%), borneol (9.13%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.85%), cis-β-terpineol (8.46%), caryophyllene (8.15%), 1,8-cineole (5.89%), bergamotol, Z-α-trans (5.14%), caryophyllene oxide (4.70%), thujone (4.41%), camphor (3.88%), 4-terpineol (2.88%), curcumene (2.87%), linalool (2.83%), β-himachalene (2.76%), β-pinene (2.73%)
Arg8033β-eudesmol (33.05%), santolina triene (17.1%), lavandulyl acetate (13.16%), thujone (6.69%), 1,8-cineole (5.84%), isothujol (5.74%), caryophyllene oxide (2.73%), caryophyllene (1.31%)
Ac8133Caryophyllene oxide (27.03%), caryophyllene (15.09%). thujone (10.36%), 1,8-cineole (9.52%), α-cadinol (5.55%), camphor (4.85%), spathulenol (3.06%), cis-verbenone (2.77%), p-cymene (2.74%), δ-cadinene (2.19%), germacrene (2.15%)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kumar, B.; Wani, I.A.; Lone, J.F.; Srinivas, K.; Gairola, S. Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India. Resources 2025, 14, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042

AMA Style

Kumar B, Wani IA, Lone JF, Srinivas K, Gairola S. Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India. Resources. 2025; 14(3):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kumar, Bushan, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, Javaid Fayaz Lone, Kota Srinivas, and Sumeet Gairola. 2025. "Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India" Resources 14, no. 3: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042

APA Style

Kumar, B., Wani, I. A., Lone, J. F., Srinivas, K., & Gairola, S. (2025). Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India. Resources, 14(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042

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