Ceramides—Emerging Biomarkers of Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ceramide Synthesis and Transport
3. Ceramides and Obesity
4. Ceramides and Type 2 Diabetes
5. Ceramides and Cardiovascular Diseases
6. Ceramides and Inflammation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ceramide Synthase Isoforms | Acyl Chain-Length Specificity | Tissue Distribution |
---|---|---|
CerS1 | C18 | Muscle tissues, brain, testis, gastrointestinal tract, female tissues, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues |
CerS2 | C22-24 | Mainly expressed in liver, kidney, and small intestine |
CerS3 | Broad substrate specificity toward medium- to long-chain fatty acids | Endocrine tissues, gastrointestinal tract, male tissues, and female tissues, especially in esophagus, testis, and skin |
CerS4 | C20-C24 | Nearly all tissues |
CerS5 | C16 | All tissues except heart muscle and smooth muscle, especially in adipose tissue |
CerS6 | C16 | Most tissues, especially in brain and adipose tissue |
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Delcheva, G.; Stefanova, K.; Stankova, T. Ceramides—Emerging Biomarkers of Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Inflammation. Diseases 2024, 12, 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090195
Delcheva G, Stefanova K, Stankova T. Ceramides—Emerging Biomarkers of Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Inflammation. Diseases. 2024; 12(9):195. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090195
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelcheva, Ginka, Katya Stefanova, and Teodora Stankova. 2024. "Ceramides—Emerging Biomarkers of Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Inflammation" Diseases 12, no. 9: 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090195