Assessing the Effects of Basic Medical Science Courses on the Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotic Usage among Pre-Professional Students in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Development of the Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Course | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
19.87 ± 1.67 | Pre | 421 | 97.0 |
20.15 ± 1.85 | Post | 396 | 93.6 |
Gender | |||
Male | Pre | 233 | 53.8 |
Post | 234 | 55.3 | |
Female | Pre | 200 | 46.2 |
Post | 189 | 44.7 | |
Highest educational status of the father | |||
Primary or lower | Pre | 32 | 7.4 |
Post | 27 | 6.4 | |
Secondary | Pre | 111 | 25.6 |
Post | 83 | 19.8 | |
College/University | Pre | 291 | 67.0 |
Post | 310 | 73.8 | |
Highest educational status of the mother | |||
Primary or lower | Pre | 57 | 13.1 |
Post | 52 | 12.4 | |
Secondary | Pre | 113 | 26.0 |
Post | 107 | 25.5 | |
College/University | Pre | 264 | 60.9 |
Post | 261 | 62.1 | |
Monthly income | |||
<5000 SAR | Pre | 24 | 5.6 |
Post | 20 | 5.1 | |
5000–15,000 SAR | Pre | 109 | 25.5 |
Post | 87 | 22.1 | |
>15,000 SAR | Pre | 290 | 67.9 |
Post | 286 | 72.8 |
Course | Recent Use (within 6 Months) | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pre | Yes | 176 | 40.6 |
No | 258 | 59.4 | |
Post | Yes | 147 | 34.8 |
No | 275 | 65.2 | |
Source of antibiotic | |||
Pre | Prescribed | 134 | 78.8 |
Without prescription | 36 | 21.2 | |
Post | Prescribed | 117 | 80.7 |
Without prescription | 28 | 19.3 |
Level of Knowledge | Total Score | n (%) | McNemar-Bowker Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | |||
Poor | 0–4 | 25 (5.8%) | 27 (6.4%) | 0.044 |
Moderate | 5–9 | 229 (53.4%) | 182 (43.4%) | |
Good | 10–14 | 175 (40.8%) | 210 (50.1%) |
Characteristics | Course | Level of Knowledge | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor (0–4) | Moderate (5–9) | Good (10–14) | |||
Gender | |||||
Male | Pre | 12 (5.2%) | 123 (53.0%) | 97 (41.8%) | 0.287 |
Post | 19 (8.7%) | 104 (47.5%) | 96 (43.8%) | ||
Female | Pre | 13 (6.6%) | 105 (53.6%) | 78 (39.8%) | |
Post | 8 (4.0%) | 77 (38.7%) | 114 (57.3%) | ||
Educational status of father | |||||
Primary or lower | Pre | 6 (18.7%) | 15 (46.9%) | 11 (34.4%) | 0.742 |
Post | 3 (9.4%) | 17 (53.1%) | 12 (37.5%) | ||
Secondary | Pre | 4 (3.6%) | 64 (58.2%) | 42 (38.2%) | |
Post | 8 (7.5%) | 43 (40.2%) | 56 (52.3%) | ||
College/University | Pre | 15 (5.2%) | 150 (52.3%) | 122 (42.5%) | |
Post | 16 (5.7%) | 122 (43.6%) | 142 (50.7%) | ||
Educational status of mother | |||||
Primary or lower | Pre | 8 (14.3%) | 26 (46.4%) | 22 (39.3%) | 0.392 |
Post | 1 (1.8%) | 24 (42.1%) | 32 (56.1%) | ||
Secondary | Pre | 8 (7.1%) | 53 (47.3%) | 51 (45.5%) | |
Post | 9 (8.1%) | 49 (44.1%) | 53 (47.7%) | ||
College/University | Pre | 9 (3.4%) | 150 (57.5%) | 102 (39.1%) | |
Post | 17 (6.8%) | 109 (43.4%) | 125 (49.8%) | ||
Monthly income | |||||
<5000 SAR | Pre | 4 (16.7%) | 13 (54.2%) | 7 (29.2%) | 0.604 |
Post | 3 (11.5%) | 9 (34.6%) | 14 (53.8%) | ||
5000–15,000 SAR | Pre | 7 (6.5%) | 59 (55.1%) | 41 (38.3%) | |
Post | 5 (4.6%) | 55 (50.9%) | 48 (44.4%) | ||
>15,000 SAR | Pre | 14 (4.9%) | 152 (52.8%) | 122 (42.4%) | |
Post | 19 (6.8%) | 115 (41.4%) | 144 (51.8%) |
Statement | Course | Correct Answer | Incorrect Answer | Unsure | p Value (McNemar-Bowker Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Role of Antibiotic | |||||
Antibiotics are medicines that can kill bacteria. | Pre | 390 (91.3%) | 16 (3.8%) | 21 (4.9%) | 1.000 |
Post | 380 (90.9%) | 20 (4.8%) | 18 (4.3%) | ||
Antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections. | Pre | 298 (69.5%) | 81 (18.9%) | 50 (11.6%) | 0.356 |
Post | 305 (72.8%) | 87 (20.8%) | 27 (6.4%) | ||
Antibiotics can cure all infections. | Pre | 365 (85.1%) | 15 (3.5%) | 49 (11.4%) | 0.303 |
Post | 341 (82.2%) | 29 (7.0%) | 45 (10.8%) | ||
Antibiotics are indicated to relieve pain/inflammation. | Pre | 122 (28.8%) | 224 (52.8%) | 78 (18.4%) | 0.202 |
Post | 131 (31.6%) | 221 (53.3%) | 63 (15.2%) | ||
Antibiotics are used to stop fever. | Pre | 180 (42.8%) | 129 (30.6%) | 112 (26.6%) | 1.000 |
Post | 193 (46.8%) | 137 (33.3%) | 82 (19.9%) | ||
Identification of Antibiotic | |||||
Penicillin is an antibiotic. | Pre | 325 (76.3%) | 43 (10.1%) | 58 (13.6%) | 0.133 |
Post | 331 (80.5%) | 41 (10.0%) | 39 (9.5%) | ||
Aspirin is a new generation of antibiotic. | Pre | 175 (41.7%) | 62 (14.8%) | 183 (43.5%) | 0.072 |
Post | 201 (48.9%) | 80 (19.5%) | 130 (31.6%) | ||
Paracetamol is considered as an antibiotic. | Pre | 179 (42.4%) | 106 (25.1%) | 137 (32.5%) | <0.001 |
Post | 235 (56.5%) | 91 (21.9%) | 90 (21.6%) | ||
Diphenhydramine is not an antibiotic. | Pre | 58 (13.7%) | 65 (15.4%) | 299 (70.9%) | 0.702 |
Post | 65 (15.9%) | 74 (18.1%) | 270 (66.0%) | ||
Dangers of Antibiotic | |||||
Overuse of antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance. | Pre | 272 (65.4%) | 117 (28.1%) | 27 (6.5%) | 0.003 |
Post | 313 (76.0%) | 75 (18.2%) | 24 (5.8%) | ||
Antibiotics may cause allergic reaction. | Pre | 338 (80.7%) | 25 (6.0%) | 56 (13.3%) | 0.440 |
Post | 315 (78.0%) | 26 (6.4%) | 63 (15.6%) | ||
All antibiotics do not cause side effects. | Pre | 387 (91.5%) | 8 (1.9%) | 28 (6.6%) | 0.071 |
Post | 361 (87.4%) | 17 (4.1%) | 35 (8.5%) | ||
Completion of Treatment Course | |||||
You can stop taking a full course of antibiotic if your symptoms are improving. | Pre | 320 (74.9%) | 72 (16.9%) | 35 (8.2%) | 0.871 |
Post | 313 (76.0%) | 67 (16.2%) | 32 (7.8%) | ||
The effectiveness of treatment is reduced if a full course of antibiotic is not completed. | Pre | 350 (82.4%) | 26 (6.1%) | 49 (11.5%) | 0.640 |
Post | 346 (84.2%) | 25 (6.1%) | 40 (9.7%) |
Statement | Course | Agree | Disagree | Unsure | p Value (McNemar-Bowker Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
When I get a cold, I will take antibiotics to help me get better more quickly. | Pre | 68 (15.9%) | 318 (74.3%) | 42 (9.8%) | 0.716 |
Post | 57 (13.7%) | 317 (76.0%) | 43 (10.3%) | ||
I expect antibiotics to be prescribed by my doctor if I suffer from common cold symptoms | Pre | 113 (26.3%) | 204 (47.6%) | 112 (26.1%) | 0.277 |
Post | 87 (20.9%) | 213 (51.1%) | 117 (28.0%) | ||
I normally stop taking antibiotics when I start feeling better. | Pre | 84 (19.7%) | 320 (74.6%) | 25 (5.7%) | 0.128 |
Post | 75 (18.1%) | 313 (75.3%) | 28 (6.7%) | ||
If my family member is sick, I usually will give my antibiotics to them. | Pre | 14 (3.3%) | 395 (92.7%) | 17 (4.0%) | 0.015 |
Post | 35 (8.4%) | 365 (88.0%) | 15 (3.6%) | ||
I normally keep antibiotics stocks at home in case of an emergency. | Pre | 101 (23.6%) | 276 (64.6%) | 50 (11.8%) | 0.285 |
Post | 84 (20.3%) | 280 (67.8%) | 49 (11.9%) | ||
I will use leftover antibiotics for a respiratory illness. | Pre | 18 (4.2%) | 374 (88.0%) | 33 (7.8%) | 0.235 |
Post | 31 (7.5%) | 355 (86.2%) | 26 (6.3%) | ||
I will take antibiotics according to the instruction on the label. | Pre | 386 (90.6%) | 23 (5.4%) | 17 (4.0%) | 0.044 |
Post | 356 (86.2%) | 24 (5.8%) | 33 (8.0%) | ||
I normally will look at the expiry date of antibiotics before taking it. | Pre | 341 (80.0%) | 43 (10.1%) | 42 (9.9%) | 0.263 |
Post | 338 (81.6%) | 33 (8.0%) | 43 (10.4%) | ||
When a family member or a friend feels sick, I recommend antibiotics. | Pre | 27 (6.3%) | 353 (82.3%) | 49 (11.4%) | 0.457 |
Post | 31 (7.5%) | 325 (77.9%) | 61 (14.6%) |
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Memon, I.; Alrashid, A.A.; Alshammari, H.S.; Rehman, D.-e.-S.; Feroz, Z.; Nagro, A.; Alotaibi, R.; Alsalmi, M.; Khan, M.A.; Alkushi, A.; et al. Assessing the Effects of Basic Medical Science Courses on the Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotic Usage among Pre-Professional Students in Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy 2021, 9, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020108
Memon I, Alrashid AA, Alshammari HS, Rehman D-e-S, Feroz Z, Nagro A, Alotaibi R, Alsalmi M, Khan MA, Alkushi A, et al. Assessing the Effects of Basic Medical Science Courses on the Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotic Usage among Pre-Professional Students in Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy. 2021; 9(2):108. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020108
Chicago/Turabian StyleMemon, Ismail, Azzam Abdulaziz Alrashid, Hamad Saadi Alshammari, Dur-e-Shewar Rehman, Zeeshan Feroz, Abdulaziz Nagro, Rakan Alotaibi, Muath Alsalmi, Muhammad Anwar Khan, Abdulmohsen Alkushi, and et al. 2021. "Assessing the Effects of Basic Medical Science Courses on the Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotic Usage among Pre-Professional Students in Saudi Arabia" Pharmacy 9, no. 2: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020108