Enhancing Multiple Properties of a Multicomponent Mg-Based Alloy Using a Sinterless Turning-Induced Deformation Technique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Materials Characterization
2.3.1. Density and Porosity
2.3.2. Damping Analysis
2.3.3. Microstructure Analysis
2.3.4. X-ray Diffraction
2.3.5. Mechanical Properties
2.3.6. Thermal Properties
2.3.7. Corrosion Response
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis
3.2. Density and Porosity
3.3. Damping Analysis
3.4. Microstructure
3.5. X-ray Diffraction
3.6. Mechanical Properties
3.6.1. Hardness
3.6.2. Compressive Properties
3.7. Thermal Properties
3.8. Corrosion Response
4. Discussion
4.1. Synthesis
4.2. Density and Porosity
4.3. Damping Analysis
4.4. Microstructure
4.5. X-ray Diffraction
4.6. Mechanical Properties
4.6.1. Hardness
4.6.2. Compressive Properties
4.7. Thermal Properties
4.8. Corrosion Response
5. Conclusions
- The TID material continued to follow previous trends in morphology, being more porous compared to the DMD counterparts, although the porosity remained at <1%.
- The TID method imparts superior hardness (34% increase in micro-scale and 11% increase in macro-scale) and strength (14% increase in yield strength and nearly 5% increase in ultimate compressive strength) but compromises ductility and energy absorbed until fracture, with the ductility of the TID samples remaining greater than 10%.
- The TID material has, overall, better damping capabilities than the DMD material, with a nearly 20% increase in attenuation coefficient and 24% increase in damping capacity.
- From thermal analyses, the TID method caused the ignition temperature to decrease significantly relative to conventional DMD processing whilst the coefficient of thermal expansion increased slightly. More significantly, the ignition temperature of the TID samples, at over 900 °C, remained significantly higher than the FAA-approved WE43 and E21 alloys.
- The average corrosion rate of the TID material was significantly higher than its DMD counterpart, with nearly double the average corrosion rate.
- An important consideration when performing hot working of this multicomponent alloy as phase transformation was observed from the DSC results when the Mg70Al18Zn6Ca4Y2 multicomponent alloy reached 490 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | Supplier | Purity |
---|---|---|
Magnesium Turnings | Acros Organics, NJ, USA | >99.9% |
Aluminium Lumps | Phoenix Scientific Industries | >99.9% |
Zinc Shots | Alfa Aesar | >99.9% |
Calcium Granules | Alfa Aesar | 99.5% |
Mg-30Y Master Alloy Ingots | Sunrelier Metal Company, China | 99.9% |
Material Designation | Processing Method Elaboration |
---|---|
Mg70Al18Zn6Ca4Y2-DMD | DMD + Extrusion |
Mg70Al18Zn6Ca4Y2-TID | TID + Extrusion |
Processing Method | Element (wt.%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | Al | Zn | Ca | Y | |
DMD | 58 ± 0.4 | 17 ± 0.7 | 15 ± 0.2 | 7 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.1 |
TID | 58 ± 0.4 | 17 ± 0.5 | 14 ± 0.2 | 5 ± 0.8 | 6 ± 0.3 |
Processing Method | Corrected Theoretical Density (g/cm3) | Experimental Density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
DMD | 2.133 ± 0.011 | 2.206 ± 0.018 | 0 * |
TID | 2.162 ± 0.010 | 2.248 ± 0.011 | 0.87 * |
Processing Method | Attenuation Coefficient | Regression (R2) | Damping Capacity | Excitation Frequency (Hz) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMD | 13.86 | 0.996 | 0.000344 | 13,474.9 | 56.9 |
TID | 16.57 (↑19.5%) | 0.9952 | 0.000423 (↑23.0%) | 12,929.6 | 54.4 (↓4.4%) |
Processing Method | Spectrum | Symbol | Detected Element (at.%) | Phase | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | Al | Zn | Ca | Y | ||||
DMD | 1 | ◯ | 91.81 | 4.56 | 3.26 | 0.36 | - | αMg |
2 | ☐ | 2.28 | 62.19 | 3.59 | - | 31.93 | Al2Y | |
3 | ☆ | 7.67 | 59.64 | 2.16 | 28.58 | 1.95 | Al2Ca | |
4 | △ | 44.04 | 25.49 | 24.80 | 5.67 | - | AlxMgyZnz | |
TID | 1 | ◯ | 97.09 | - | 2.91 | - | - | αMg |
2 | ☐ | 5.45 | 62.68 | 2.81 | - | 29.06 | Al2Y | |
3 | ☆ | 8.76 | 58.09 | 2.73 | 30.41 | - | Al2Ca | |
4 | △ | 39.06 | 33.81 | 18.07 | 9.06 | - | AlxMgyZnz |
Processing Method | Average Size of Secondary Phase (μm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Al2Y | Al2Ca | AlxMgyZnz | |
DMD | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 6.72 ± 1.4 | 3.4 ± 0.8 |
TID | 4.5 ± 2.6 (↓45.8%) | 4.96 ± 1.9 (↓26.2%) | 2.6 ± 0.7 (↓23.5%) |
Processing Method | Area Fraction of Secondary Phase | ||
---|---|---|---|
Al2Y | Al2Ca | AlxMgyZnz | |
DMD | 0.05 ± 0.009 | 0.11 ± 0.038 | 0.20 ± 0.07 |
TID | 0.08 ± 0.024 (↑60%) | 0.13 ± 0.07 (↑18%) | 0.22 ± 0.06 (↑10%) |
Processing Method | Average Microhardness (HV) | Average Macrohardness (HRB) |
---|---|---|
DMD | 151 ± 8.5 | 71 ± 1.6 |
TID | 203 ± 8.9 (↑34.4%) | 79 ± 1.6 (↑11.2%) |
Process | 0.2% Compressive Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Compressive Strength (MPa) | Fracture Strain (%) | Energy Absorbed (MJ/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DMD | 485 ± 17 | 653 ± 25 | 15 ± 1.4 | 63 ± 8 |
TID | 554 ± 17 (↑14.2%) | 684 ± 6 (↑4.8%) | 12 ± 0.2 (↓20%) | 53 ± 2 (↓15.9%) |
Process | Ignition Temperature (°C) |
---|---|
DMD | >1300 |
TID | 915 |
WE43 (DMD) [21] | 750 |
Elektron 21 (E21) (DMD) [22] | 741 |
Process | Average Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10−6/K) |
---|---|
DMD | 21 ± 5 |
TID | 22 ± 3 (↑4.8%) |
Pure Mg (DMD) [23] | 30 |
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Johanes, M.; Bin Gombari, A.A.; Gupta, M. Enhancing Multiple Properties of a Multicomponent Mg-Based Alloy Using a Sinterless Turning-Induced Deformation Technique. Technologies 2023, 11, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060181
Johanes M, Bin Gombari AA, Gupta M. Enhancing Multiple Properties of a Multicomponent Mg-Based Alloy Using a Sinterless Turning-Induced Deformation Technique. Technologies. 2023; 11(6):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060181
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohanes, Michael, Amirin Adli Bin Gombari, and Manoj Gupta. 2023. "Enhancing Multiple Properties of a Multicomponent Mg-Based Alloy Using a Sinterless Turning-Induced Deformation Technique" Technologies 11, no. 6: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11060181