The “Four Core Elements” as a Measuring Instrument: From Simplicity to Complexity in Tourist Destination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Measurement Model
4.2. Analysis of the Structural Relationships and Hypotheses Considered
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Man: 53.3% | Woman: 46.7% |
Age | 18–24 years old: 44.3% 25–44 years: 32.3% | 45–64 years: 22.5% More than 65 years: 1.0% |
Marital status | Single: 56.0% Married:39.9% Widowed: 0.2% Separated: 0.5% | Divorced: 0.7% Living with a partner: 1.7% No opinion/No reply: 1.0% |
Occupation | In active employment: 50.9% Student: 48.2% | Homemaker: 0.2% Unemployed: 0.7% |
Monthly income | From $0 to $835: 21.3% From $836 to $1667: 9.5% From $1668 to $2500: 23.7% From $2501 to $3334: 22.7% | Over $3335: 10.8% Other income levels: 2.0% No opinion or no reply: 10.0% |
Components | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITEMS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Constructs |
Wide variety of wildlife | 0.639 | Cognitive Natural environment | |||
Scenic beauty | 0.724 | ||||
Beautiful parks and natural areas | 0.799 | ||||
Pleasant climate | 0.734 | ||||
Attractive beaches | 0.702 | ||||
Hospital destination | 0.669 | Cognitive Atmosphere | |||
Opportunities for adventure | 0.624 | ||||
Peaceful tourist destination | 0.795 | ||||
Appropriate destination for rest | 0.711 | ||||
Numerous cultural attractions | 0.612 | Cognitive Cultural environment | |||
Interesting cultural activities | 0.751 | ||||
Customs worth discovering | 0.792 | ||||
Rich and varied cuisine | 0.649 | ||||
Accessible destination | 0.831 | Cognitive Urban environment | |||
Shopping facilities | 0.798 | ||||
Quality accommodation | 0.774 | ||||
Good value | 0.713 | ||||
Safe tourist destination | 0.663 | ||||
% variance explained | 52.88% | 10.73% | 5.38% | 4.94% | |
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index | 0.928 | ||||
Bartlett’s test of sphericity | Chi-square = 5697.169; sig < 0.000 |
Constructs Dimension | Items | Loads | Average Loads | α | AVE | CRI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corporate Image | CI_1 | 0.7679 | 0.779 | 0.9405 | 0.610 | 0.945 |
CI_2 | 0.7166 | |||||
CI_3 | 0.8186 | |||||
CI_4 | 0.6533 | |||||
CI_5 | 0.8122 | |||||
CI_6 | 0.8108 | |||||
CI_7 | 0.8116 | |||||
CI_8 | 0.8208 | |||||
CI_9 | 0.7775 | |||||
CI_10 | 0.8151 | |||||
CI_11 | 0.7677 | |||||
Natural Environment | NAT_1 | 0.5281 | 0.780 | 0.8889 | 0.624 | 0.890 |
NAT_2 | 0.8428 | |||||
NAT_3 | 0.8855 | |||||
NAT_4 | 0.8324 | |||||
NAT_5 | 0.8094 | |||||
Atmosphere | ATM_1 | 0.7373 | 0.791 | 0.8762 | 0.629 | 0.871 |
ATM_2 | 0.726 | |||||
ATM_3 | 0.8534 | |||||
ATM_4 | 0.8475 | |||||
Cultural Environment | CUL_1 | 0.7843 | 0.797 | 0.8837 | 0.635 | 0.874 |
CUL_2 | 0.7818 | |||||
CUL_3 | 0.8474 | |||||
CUL_4 | 0.7729 | |||||
Urban Environment | URB_1 | 0.7547 | 0.802 | 0.8994 | 0.650 | 0.902 |
URB_2 | 0.8416 | |||||
URB_3 | 0.905 | |||||
URB_4 | 0.8352 | |||||
URB_5 | 0.6732 | |||||
Affective Image | AFF_1 | 0.8441 | 0.847 | 0.918 | 0.719 | 0.911 |
AFF_2 | 0.7877 | |||||
AFF_3 | 0.8677 | |||||
AFF_4 | 0.8894 | |||||
Higher IC Correlations (Cultural Environment - Affective): (0.830–0.901) | ||||||
Goodness of fit | ||||||
S-Bχ2 = 1526.69 (p = 0.000) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ||
0.923 | 0.911 | 0.073 | 0.054 |
Constructs or Dimensions | CI | NE | AT | CE | UE | AI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corporate Image (CI) | 0.610 | |||||
Natural Environment (NE) | 0.394–0.612 | 0.624 | ||||
Atmosphere (AT) | 0.407–0.604 | 0.649–0.845 | 0.629 | |||
Cultural Environment (CE) | 0.389–0.598 | 0.776–0.871 | 0.660–0.857 | 0.635 | ||
Urban Environment (UE) | 0.378–0.567 | 0.433–0.646 | 0.684–0.818 | 0.566–0.763 | 0.650 | |
Affective Image (AI) | 0.429–0.610 | 0.709–0.845 | 0.655–0.859 | 0.830–0.901 | 0.571–0.760 | 0.719 |
Hypothesis | Structural Relationship | Coef. | t Value | Contrast |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | CI→Affective | 0.0259 | 0.310 | Not Supported |
H2 | CI→Natural environment | 0.5506 | 12.04 *** | Supported |
H3 | CI→Atmosphere | 0.5523 | 13.18 *** | Supported |
H4 | CI→Cultural environment | 0.5451 | 12.01 *** | Supported |
H5 | CI→Urban environment | 0.5164 | 11.99 *** | Supported |
H6 | Natural environment→Affective | 0.2601 | 5.29 *** | Supported |
H7 | Atmosphere→Affective | 0.1772 | 3.35 *** | Supported |
H8 | Cultural environment→Affective | 0.5449 | 14.41 *** | Supported |
H9 | Urban environment→Affective | 0.1636 | 3.76 *** | Supported |
CI → Natural environment → Affective | 0.143 |
CI → Atmosphere→ Affective | 0.098 |
CI → Cultural environment → Affective | 0.297 |
CI → Urban environment → Affective | 0.084 |
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Pérez-Tapia, G.; Almeida-García, F.; Mercadé-Melé, P. The “Four Core Elements” as a Measuring Instrument: From Simplicity to Complexity in Tourist Destination. Economies 2021, 9, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020053
Pérez-Tapia G, Almeida-García F, Mercadé-Melé P. The “Four Core Elements” as a Measuring Instrument: From Simplicity to Complexity in Tourist Destination. Economies. 2021; 9(2):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020053
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Tapia, Gema, Fernando Almeida-García, and Pere Mercadé-Melé. 2021. "The “Four Core Elements” as a Measuring Instrument: From Simplicity to Complexity in Tourist Destination" Economies 9, no. 2: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020053