Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship—Lessons Learned from Higher Education Students in Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework, Structural Model, and Research Hypotheses
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.1.1. Entrepreneurial Intention
- (a)
- Motivational factors
- (b)
- Environmental factors
- (c)
- Control variables
2.1.2. Academic Entrepreneurship
2.2. Structural Model and Research Hypotheses
3. Methodology and Data Collection
4. Results Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 731 | 6.6 | 65.6 |
Male | 383 | 34.4 | 100 |
Age | |||
Less than 20 years | 350 | 31.6 | 31.6 |
Between 21 and 30 years | 503 | 45.2 | 76.8 |
Between 31 and 40 years | 129 | 11.6 | 88.4 |
More than 40 years | 132 | 11.6 | 100 |
Residence | |||
Portugal Mainland | 934 | 83.8 | 83.8 |
Azores | 100 | 9 | 92.8 |
Madeira | 80 | 7.2 | 100 |
Job experience | |||
No | 347 | 31.1 | 31.1 |
Yes | 767 | 68.9 | 100 |
Education level | |||
Undergraduate | 753 | 67.6 | 67.6 |
Master | 254 | 22.8 | 90.4 |
Other | 107 | 9.6 | 100 |
Mean | Std. Deviation | |
---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Intention | ||
A04.—I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur | 4.24 | 1.69 |
A06.—I will make every effort to start and run my own business | 4.89 | 1.781 |
A13.—I am determined to create an enterprise in the future | 4.47 | 1.682 |
A17.—My professional goal is to be an entrepreneur | 3.75 | 1.84 |
Perceived Behavior | ||
A01.—Starting a company and keeping it viable would be easy for me | 3.78 | 1.456 |
A07.—I am able to control the process of creating a new business | 4.6 | 1.518 |
A14.—If I try to start a business, I will have a high chance of being successful | 4.64 | 1.365 |
A20.—I know all about the practical details needed to start a business | 2.93 | 1.652 |
Entrepreneurial Attitude | ||
A10.—If I had the opportunity and the resources, I would love to start a business | 5.74 | 1.581 |
A15.—Being an entrepreneur would give me great satisfaction | 5.07 | 1.712 |
A18.—Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages for me | 4.29 | 1.577 |
Business Skills | ||
D1.—Opportunity recognition | 4.89 | 1.278 |
D2.—Creativity | 5.02 | 1.388 |
D3.—Problem solving skills | 5.39 | 1.16 |
D4.—Leadership and communication skills | 5.28 | 1.294 |
D5.—Development of new products and services | 4.58 | 1.344 |
D6.—Formation of networks and professional contacts | 4.61 | 1.439 |
Business Success | ||
7.a. Effective competition on world markets | 5.29 | 1.314 |
7.b. Achieve a high level of income | 5.6 | 1.175 |
7.c. Do the kind of work that I really appreciate | 6.16 | 1.147 |
7.d. Achieve social recognition | 5.38 | 1.439 |
7.e. Help solve my community’s problems | 5.88 | 1.196 |
7.f. Keeping the business alive | 6.15 | 1.108 |
7.g. Maintain a positive growth path | 6.24 | 1.012 |
Business Growth | ||
8. How important would it be for you to continually develop and grow your business? | 6.09 | 1.211 |
Being an Entrepreneur | ||
B2.—Entrepreneur | 5.33 | 1.531 |
Business Strategy | ||
9.a. Export a significant part of production | 5.08 | 1.436 |
9.b. Regularly introduce new products/services for my customers | 5.48 | 1.247 |
9.c. Regularly introduce new production processes or systems | 5.24 | 1.286 |
9.d. Develop research and development projects | 5.65 | 1.242 |
9.e. Detailed planning of the different areas of the company | 5.79 | 1.189 |
9.f. Reach cooperation agreements or partnerships with other companies | 5.75 | 1.184 |
9.g. Provide specialized training for employees | 6.07 | 1.145 |
9.h. Grow your business (staff, facilities, etc.) | 5.98 | 1.115 |
Being an Entrepreneur | Business Growth | Business Skills | Business Strategy | Business Success | Entrep. Attitude | Entrep. Intention | Perceived Behavior | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7A | 0.603 | |||||||
7B | 0.717 | |||||||
7C | 0.656 | |||||||
7D | 0.610 | |||||||
7E | 0.683 | |||||||
7F | 0.822 | |||||||
7G | 0.837 | |||||||
8 | 1 | |||||||
9A | 0.555 | |||||||
9B | 0.763 | |||||||
9C | 0.749 | |||||||
9D | 0.775 | |||||||
9E | 0.779 | |||||||
9F | 0.715 | |||||||
9G | 0.740 | |||||||
9H | 0.756 | |||||||
A04 | 0.824 | |||||||
A06 | 0.799 | |||||||
A13 | 0.880 | |||||||
A17 | 0.871 | |||||||
A01 | 0.746 | |||||||
A07 | 0.830 | |||||||
A14 | 0.829 | |||||||
A20 | 0.708 | |||||||
A10 | 0.846 | |||||||
A15 | 0.900 | |||||||
A18 | 0.776 | |||||||
B2 | 1 | |||||||
D1 | 0.766 | |||||||
D2 | 0.715 | |||||||
D3 | 0.729 | |||||||
D4 | 0.757 | |||||||
D5 | 0.812 | |||||||
D6 | 0.711 | |||||||
Cronbach’s Alpha | 1 | 1 | 0.844 | 0.876 | 0.832 | 0.794 | 0.873 | 0.785 |
Composite Reliability | 1 | 1 | 0.885 | 0.902 | 0.875 | 0.880 | 0.913 | 0.861 |
Average Variance Extracted (AVE) | 1 | 1 | 0.561 | 0.536 | 0.503 | 0.710 | 0.725 | 0.608 |
Being an Entrepreneur | Business Growth | Business Skills | Business Strategy | Business Success | Entrepreneurial Attitude | Entrepreneurial Intention | Perceived Behavior | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Being an Entrepreneur | 1.0000 | |||||||
Business Growth | 0.3982 | 1.0000 | ||||||
Business Skills | 0.4459 | 0.2936 | 0.7492 | |||||
Business Strategy | 0.3334 | 0.4980 | 0.3128 | 0.7320 | ||||
Business Success | 0.3510 | 0.6182 | 0.2826 | 0.6482 | 0.7094 | |||
Entrepreneurial Attitude | 0.7295 | 0.4452 | 0.4728 | 0.3188 | 0.3450 | 0.8424 | ||
Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.6920 | 0.3950 | 0.5335 | 0.3178 | 0.2948 | 0.6248 | 0.8517 | |
Perceived Behavior | 0.4895 | 0.2904 | 0.6378 | 0.2233 | 0.1988 | 0.5858 | 0.6855 | 0.7799 |
Original Sample (β) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1: Business Growth -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.0756 | 0.0721 | 0.0319 | 2.3700 | 0.0182 * |
H2: Business Skills -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.0796 | 0.0812 | 0.0301 | 2.6418 | 0.0085 * |
H3: Business Strategy -> Entrepreneurial Attitude | 0.3188 | 0.3223 | 0.0271 | 11.7525 | 0.0000 * |
H4: Business Success -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1086 | 0.1115 | 0.0276 | 3.9307 | 0.0001 * |
H5: Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.5986 | 0.5987 | 0.0216 | 27.7516 | 0.0000 * |
H6: Entrepreneurial Intention -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.5877 | 0.5869 | 0.0240 | 24.5309 | 0.0000 * |
H7: Perceived Behavior -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.3348 | 0.3353 | 0.0232 | 14.4061 | 0.0000 * |
Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect Effects | |||||
Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Entrepreneurial Intention -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.3518 | 0.3515 | 0.0211 | 16.6401 | 0.0000 * |
Business Strategy -> Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.1908 | 0.1930 | 0.0181 | 10.5362 | 0.0000 * |
Business Strategy -> Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Entrepreneurial Intention -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1121 | 0.1133 | 0.0114 | 9.8406 | 0.0000 * |
Perceived Behavior -> Entrepreneurial Intention -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1968 | 0.1967 | 0.0146 | 13.4463 | 0.0000 * |
Total Effects | |||||
Business Growth -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.0756 | 0.0721 | 0.0319 | 2.3700 | 0.0182 * |
Business Skills -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.0796 | 0.0812 | 0.0301 | 2.6418 | 0.0085 * |
Business Strategy -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1121 | 0.1133 | 0.0114 | 9.8406 | 0.0000 * |
Business Strategy -> Entrepreneurial Attitude | 0.3188 | 0.3223 | 0.0271 | 11.7525 | 0.0000 * |
Business Strategy -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.1908 | 0.1930 | 0.0181 | 10.5362 | 0.0000 * |
Business Success -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1086 | 0.1115 | 0.0276 | 3.9307 | 0.0001 * |
Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.3518 | 0.3515 | 0.0211 | 16.6401 | 0.0000 * |
Entrepreneurial Attitude -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.5986 | 0.5987 | 0.0216 | 27.7516 | 0.0000 * |
Entrepreneurial Intention -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.5877 | 0.5869 | 0.0240 | 24.5309 | 0.0000 * |
Perceived Behavior -> Being an Entrepreneur | 0.1968 | 0.1967 | 0.0146 | 13.4463 | 0.0000 * |
Perceived Behavior -> Entrepreneurial Intention | 0.3348 | 0.3353 | 0.0232 | 14.4061 | 0.0000 * |
Hypothesis | Supported/Not Supported |
---|---|
H1: The importance attached to Business Growth has a positive impact on the will to be an entrepreneur. | Supported |
H2: Greater Business Skills have a positive impact on the will to be an entrepreneur. | Supported |
H3: The use of Business Strategy for business expansion has a positive impact on Entrepreneurial Attitude. | Supported |
H4: The appreciation of Business Success factors has a positive impact on the will to be an entrepreneur. | Supported |
H5: Entrepreneurial Attitude has a positive impact on Entrepreneurial Intention. | Supported |
H6: Entrepreneurial Intention has a positive impact on the will to be an entrepreneur. | Supported |
H7: Perceived Behavior has a positive impact on Entrepreneurial Intention. | Supported |
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Lopes, J.M.; Oliveira, M.; Oliveira, J.; Sousa, M.; Santos, T.; Gomes, S. Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship—Lessons Learned from Higher Education Students in Portugal. Educ. Sci. 2021, 11, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120771
Lopes JM, Oliveira M, Oliveira J, Sousa M, Santos T, Gomes S. Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship—Lessons Learned from Higher Education Students in Portugal. Education Sciences. 2021; 11(12):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120771
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, João M., Márcio Oliveira, José Oliveira, Marlene Sousa, Tânia Santos, and Sofia Gomes. 2021. "Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship—Lessons Learned from Higher Education Students in Portugal" Education Sciences 11, no. 12: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120771
APA StyleLopes, J. M., Oliveira, M., Oliveira, J., Sousa, M., Santos, T., & Gomes, S. (2021). Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Influence on Academic Entrepreneurship—Lessons Learned from Higher Education Students in Portugal. Education Sciences, 11(12), 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120771