2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Planning the Bioskills at Home Experiments
All bioscience students are required to evidence competency in key laboratory skills in their first year, namely the accurate use of micropipettes and ability to light microscopy for cell counting. This is an on-campus assessment that takes places at the end of this first term after the laboratory sessions have been completed.
In term 1, the number of on-campus laboratory sessions was reduced from six to two so when considering how to align the home experiments, ensuring the students had opportunities to practice assessed skills was a key consideration. A review of the six laboratory sessions that would normally take place in term 1 allowed identification of some that could be easily and safely adapted to be carried out by potential novices at home whilst remaining aligned with the teaching content and learning outcomes (LO). The skills tracker (as outlined in the
Supplementary Materials) was used to identify what opportunities for skill development would be “lost” due to a number of first year lab classes not taking place in the 2020–2021 academic year, and these were mapped to ensure there were alternative opportunities available in other years of the course. Where possible, we aimed to further support the development of these skills by their inclusion in the home lab experiments.
In addition to ensuring that home labs were aligned with learning outcomes for the term 1 modules and that they supported development of practical skills, when compiling the list of kit contents, it was considered imperative to minimise the risk of barriers to participation. For this reason, students were provided with everything required, with the exception of the food substances used in the yeasts’ growth medium. The pack contained an introductory leaflet which explained what the pack was for, to take care and only use the kit as directed (for safety reasons) and where to access activity instructions; these instructions were hosted through the institution’s VLE. Staff were able to monitor engagement with the activities through interaction with these resources or the discussion boards.
2.2. Pipetting
Accurate pipetting is a core bioscience skill that underpins a wide range of techniques and assays that are used extensively throughout undergraduate courses and one that our institution assesses in person at the end of the first term. This assessment usually takes place once students have completed their six term one practical classes, which offer multiple opportunities to practice the skill. However, in 2020/2021, the number of on-campus laboratory opportunities to familiarise themselves with the equipment and process of pipetting prior to assessment were reduced to two due to social distancing. Providing students with opportunities to build confidence and reproducibility in this technique through bespoke exercises using the Bioskills at home kits was therefore identified as a priority. These activities were specifically designed for this initiative, as the development of pipetting skills is integrated into the range of practical classes undertaken by students throughout term 1, rather than being taught separately. Each student was provided with the three micropipettes most commonly encountered in undergraduate practical classes: 2–20, 20–200 and 100–1000 µL (see
Figure 1).
The activities designed for this section of the Bioskills at home initiative were aimed at supporting the students with handling the micropipettes, guiding them with loading and emptying. Practicing the pipetting action was considered a low-risk activity as it did not always require the use of liquid and for most activities the students could practice using water. A suite of resources was created in the university VLE which incorporated video resources tailored to each activity, written guidance and pre-lab simulations from Learning Science (Bristol, UK) for using different types of pipettes.
The pipetting exercises using 2–20, 20–200 and 100–1000 µL micropipettes were based on the 2,3,5 exercises described by Professor Wolf [
38]. The dilution exercise was also developed to aid students in preparing 1 in 2, 1 in 5 and 1 in 10 dilutions using all three volume ranges of micropipettes mentioned above.
Further exercises supported students in developing the ability to check the accuracy and precision of their pipetting skills, as well as troubleshooting issues with pipetting. These experiments gave the students measurable results that they could analyse to self-assess the reproducibility of their pipetting and therefore continue to improve their skills. To accomplish this required the students to use a coloured liquid that could be pipetted onto filter paper and zones of spread measured. It was important to minimise the safety risk and so the coloured solution supplied in the Bioskills kit was a domestic food safe colourant (a blackcurrant cordial concentrate). The final iteration of resources for this activity consisted of introductory material and bespoke videos introducing students to the activities, as well as a targeted video for each of the 4 tasks.
2.3. Microbial Growth
In the first term, students would usually construct a yeast growth curve for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. carlsbergensis in the laboratory by measuring changes in optical density (resulting from yeast growth) of growth media using a spectrophotometer. The aims of this experiment are to aid their understanding of associated lecture content about the rate of microbial growth compared to higher organisms, gain experience in plotting graphs (using a semi-log scale) and develop skills in data analysis. This experiment also supported concepts explored in assessed coursework undertaken as part of the microbiology module (a module taken by many students in their second term); students could use data from their home experiment for this coursework if they chose to.
Due to the need to rationalise the provision of laboratories, students did not complete this experiment in class. However, given that the learning objectives associated with this practical were integrated both within and between modules, this experiment was identified as one that would have value in the Bioskills at home initiative.
There were a number of logistical and safety issues that needed to be overcome to ensure the learning objectives could be met in a home environment. Perhaps the most obvious of these was that the students would not have access to a spectrophotometer. As an alternative to this, students were provided with a fading greyscale number scale (as shown in
Figure 2) and were asked to record the highest number that they could observe through their experimental tube. Importantly, working with the scale rather than the spectrophotometer allowed the experiment to be re-designed to incorporate an additional learning objective and was a good way to prepare students who may use McFarland standards (which is widely used in antibiotic susceptibility testing; [
39]) later in their course. This learning objective was that students should understand the importance of including controls in the experimental design. In the Bioskills at home version of this experiment, students set up a non-inoculated control to show that the media they had created at home was not contaminated.
Another logistical issue was that it was not possible to provide students with individually prepared tubes of pre-sterilised media for their experiments so it was necessary to consider how students could create a suitable media in a home environment. An important consideration was to ensure that the uninoculated media was clear so that the scale could be read throughout. To achieve this, several different products were tested but Marmite (Unilever, London, UK) mixed into hot water was selected as the basic growth media (see
Figure 2). In the development process, it was observed that there was a difference in the growth of the yeast in the Marmite media with or without granulated sugar (freely available in shops) dissolved into the Marmite media (1 heaped teaspoon for each 240 mL of media). Comparison of microbial growth in the presence or absence of sugar formed the primary experiment that students conducted. This experiment, in itself, allowed students to consider what factors could influence the growth of micro-organisms and why this was the case. Students were encouraged to extend this to consider the impact of other substances found in their home environment on microbial growth. For example, how was growth affected by products with potential for anti-microbial properties such as mouthwash?
There were a number of health and safety issues that needed to be addressed for this experiment to be suitable for the home environment. These are outlined in
Table 1, alongside the steps taken to address them.
2.4. Microscopy
Under normal circumstances, students would have multiple opportunities to use a binocular compound microscope to visualise a range of samples, as well as a practical-based seminar that is dedicated to microscope alignment and focussing. Students’ opportunities to practice with the compound microscope were limited to one session (instead of three) due to the availability of lab time during the COVID-19 pandemic. The light microscopes used in the teaching laboratories can reach a magnification of 1000× (using the 100× oil immersion lens), which is suitable for observing bacteria. However, they are large, heavy and expensive, making them unsuitable for a home lab experience.
Knowing that it would not be possible to replicate the microscope experience that students would have had in the laboratory, the aim of including this type of experiment in the Bioskills at home pack was to focus on the other ways in which this type of skill could be used. An important consideration for selecting an appropriate microscope for the students to use was its ability to capture images and short videos. The intention for the first term microscopy activities was to stimulate the students’ scientific interest in the world around them, as well as to build engagement with the university’s VLE (and each other) through a series of microscopy competitions. This was a valuable opportunity for community building, which was otherwise likely to be limited because of restrictions in place due to the pandemic. Competitions were run for the first two months of the first term with students asked to submit their best images and videos to the following competition categories:
A “Tardigrade hunt”, where students were challenged to find a tardigrade (also known as a “water bear”; it is an eight-legged invertebrate approximately 1 mm in length that can be found in damp moss) having been given details of their biology, where they could be found and example videos of how they might appear under a microscope.
Best biological image: themes to explore were plant life, tiny creatures, cells and tissues and unusual perspectives on living things.
Best biological video: themes were pond life, findings in soil or mud, surprise or funny events captured.
Mystery images: students were asked to present a magnified image for others to guess what was being shown.
Students were given the opportunity to vote for competition prize winners (awarded a certificate and prize) during an online celebration event at the end of the first term. This included the mystery images competition where students made their guesses of what the magnified entries were during the session. Each student who contributed a mystery image received a certificate and a prize, as did the person who correctly guessed what the image was.
For students to be able to participate, the microscope that they were provided with needed to be capable of sufficient magnification to be able to view cells, protists and other biologically interesting specimens (e.g., tardigrades). They also needed to be affordable, compact, lightweight and compatible with a range of devices, including smartphones and laptops so that all students would have an opportunity to participate, irrespective of whether they had regular access to a computer. Academic staff tested the small Rotek-EU digital USB/WIFI microscopes (Shenzhen, China; as seen in
Figure 1) at home during the first pandemic lockdown in spring/summer 2020 and were able to view a range of different specimens of appropriate size as can be seen in
Figure 3.
Students were provided with a written guide on the VLE to ensure that they were supported in their use of the equipment, with additional opportunities for discussion of any issues encountered via the discussion forum. Protocols for microscopy were risk assessed for the home environment prior to assembling the student kits.
2.5. Delivering the Bioskills at Home Kit to Students
Based on the experiments that the academic team had designed, a list of kit components was drawn up. These elements all needed to be costed, sourced and delivered within the timescale and within the financial constraints of the project. A bespoke bag was designed and sourced to provide a way for all these components to be safely packaged and easily transported home by students. The estimated cost of the kit only was GBP 100 per student.
As can be seen in
Figure 4, the components of the kit included: a range of plasticware (including multiple sizes of pipette tips, tubes of diverse sizes and weighing boats) that was available within the university laboratories but needed to be individually packaged, reagents which needed to be aliquoted and labelled, individually printed guidance on safe use of the kit and a printed scale for the microbiology experiment and health and safety equipment. Overall, 1000 Petri dishes, 2000 microscope slides, 2000 coverslips, 4000 50 mL tubes, 5000 plastic Pasteur pipettes, 6000 gloves, 11,000 microcentrifuge tubes and 40,000 pipette tips had to be counted and bagged.
There were several significant challenges to overcome in the successful delivery of the Bioskills at home kits. First, the number of students in the 2020–2021 intake was significantly larger than had been predicted (an increase of 20% on the previous year), meaning that the required number of pieces of equipment rose significantly and that the time taken to put the kits together also increased substantially. It took approximately 200 h (spread across the technical team) to put the kits together, time which needed to be balanced against the existing commitments of preparing for a new academic year and the increased time-pressure resulting from adjustments necessary to ensure that teaching labs were COVID-secure. The impact of the pandemic itself in complicating this process cannot be underestimated, as much of the kit preparation was conducted by team members working from home, with the requisite requirement for transporting kit contents between campus and home. This presented significant logistical challenges and required a high degree of co-ordination and planning between team members to effectively deliver the project.
2.6. Logistics of Distributing Bioskills Packs to Students
In the first week of term, students had the opportunity to meet with their personal tutors and fellow students in their tutor groups. Being one of only a few sessions that students would have face-to-face in the first term, this was an ideal opportunity to distribute the Bioskills bags. A room was secured to act as the base for storing the completed Bioskills bags and tutors were asked to collect bags for their groups from this base (as shown in
Figure 4). This was thought to be the most efficient and COVID-secure way to deliver the bags as tutorial sessions took place at different times across campus. However, it was soon recognised that many students were not able to collect their bags as they were either ill with COVID-19, self-isolating or unable to come to campus due to either personal reasons or travel restrictions.
Students who were later able to attend campus for lab classes were able to collect the kits at the end of their lab sessions or from campus-based drop-in sessions run by the technical team. Unfortunately, not all students were able to collect kits in person, so further support from the technical team and the school’s administrative team was necessary to ensure delivery of the Bioskills kits to these students. The first step was to ensure that all kit components could be safely delivered through the postal system, including whether they could be sent internationally. This required talking to multiple couriers as destinations ranged across several continents, including UK and mainland Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. Although students received their kits at different times, the timing of the activities was flexible with the only deadline being for the microscopy competitions, which closed at the end of November.
Given the logistical challenge of decontaminating equipment and the benefit of easy access to equipment, such as micropipettes, throughout their degree, Bioskills bags were not returned at the end of the year.
3. Results
The Bioskills at home initiative packs were successfully delivered to all first-year students in term 1 of the 2020–2021 academic year either during tutorial sessions, on-campus drop-in sessions or via delivery to their home address (where necessary). Of the prospective intake of 507 students, a total of 450 students were enrolled into the term 1 modules. Engagement with individual activities is described below but student reflection on the experience of using the kit is highlighted in the quote below:
“I personally found the home kits to be a challenging and engaging way to improve my practical skills in a way that positively impacted my performance in lab assessments”.
3.1. Pipetting Skills
An example of the expected outcome for the 4th task set for the students can be seen in
Figure 5. Whilst discussion about the pipetting activities was very limited on the discussion boards, the proportion of students who accessed resources for the various activities on the VLE was much higher.
Based on the VLE analytics, 43.8% of students engaged with the introduction to the learning pack and 22.9% of students engaged with the pipette home exercise guidance online. The videos that were created to support the pipetting activities were watched by 12.7–19.6% of students with the video for the first exercise (how to operate the pipettes to dispense liquid) the most watched. Learning science resources were engaged with by 7.1–10.0% of students. With the exception of the introductory material, these analytics showed a lower proportion of student engagement than other formative activities such as pre-recorded lectures, seminars and laboratory protocols (31.4–90.3%) and quizzes (26.8–37.4%).
Of the students who were able to attend the practical skills assessment session at the end of the first term, 98.2% successfully completed the pipetting learning outcome at the first opportunity. This was similar to the percentage of students who had attended the assessment in previous years: 95.4% of students successfully passed the pipetting part of the assessment in 2018–2019 and the pass rate in 2019–2020 was 99.4%.
A reflection on undertaking the pipetting tasks in the Bioskills at home kit provided by one of the first-year students is shown in the quote below. In this, the student refers to the practical skills assessment that they undertake in one of their term one modules (the practical techniques module). In this context, the student described that undertaking the exercise prior to assessment helped them to improve the consistency of their pipetting, which aided them in completing their assessment.
“I decided to do this activity right before my Practical Techniques assessment. In a previous lab, I made some errors in dilutions which affected my results. I was not as used to making dilutions in small volumes, so this activity gave me a lot of practice. Particularly, in the 20 μL to 200 μL range. The activity also helped my pipetting become more consistent which was important to my assessment as I had to aspirate and dispense the same volume many times. As a result, I was able to complete my assessment with ease.”
3.2. Microbial Growth
Staff prepared a growth curve for the yeast experiment as described in the student instructions to test the outcomes that students would expect to achieve (see
Figure 6): presentation of experimental data in graphical form clearly enabled students to observe the effect of adding sugar to the growth media.
Based on comments on the discussion board, only three students confirmed that they had completed the microbial growth experiment or shared images and/or experimental data. However, the analytics from the university VLE showed that 52.4% of students engaged with the resources online.
Two students who had undertaken the microbial growth experiment reflected on the experience. For the first student, the value they ascribed to the activity was in building their confidence in pipetting, which they linked, as can be seen in the quote below, to one of the two face-to-face laboratory sessions that the students undertook. The phosphate assay laboratory class was retained as it gave students both a valuable opportunity to practice and assess the reproducibility of their pipetting, as well as being the first time they worked with small volumes in a microtiter plate (which is an assay format that many students will utilise repeatedly during their degree).
“I found doing the microbial growth curve experiment before the phosphate assay lab really useful as I felt confident with pipetting.”
The quotation from the second student shows how this aspect of the Bioskills kit helped them to think more deeply about how their experiment linked to the underlying theory and also about experimental design.
“I did this activity after I had a lecture on bacterial growth requirements. It made me think a lot about what conditions I needed to control whilst doing this experiment. For example, I tried to control temperature fluctuations by placing my tubes in a water bath near a radiator. This was to allow any heat to be distributed evenly. I also ensured that all tubes had the same amount of nutrients. As I was recording my results, it made me think about what processes were occurring inside the tube and how this affected the growth rate. I was able to use the results from this for my coursework as well. Overall, it was a very fun and useful activity to do.”
3.3. Microscopy
The microscopy competitions ran from the start of term 1 (early October 2020) until near the end of November 2020. Within that time, students were able to submit entries to the four competitions:
The “Tardigrade hunt”: this was successfully completed by a student who identified a tardigrade approximately two weeks after the Bioskills packs were initially distributed.
Best biological image: this was the best-supported competition with a total of five entries; an example of one of these entries can be seen in
Figure 7.
Best biological video: this category received three entries.
Overall, a total of 12 competition entries were made. Whilst the number of entries was low, at least 20% of students engaged with the online resources to support setting up the microscope (26.0%), guidance on how to use a haemocytometer (20.4%) and information on the different competitions (25.5%).
A similar level of engagement was seen at the celebration event, where approximately 100 students (22.2% of the cohort) attended, with at least half of these actively voting on competition entries.
Reflecting back on the microscopy awards ceremony (which was held online due to pandemic restrictions), one of the students highlighted that, for them, this helped to bring students together. Furthermore, the competitions themselves had helped to motivate them to explore their environment, as well as positively impacting upon their subject interest (see quote below).
“… I really enjoyed it and I thought it was a fun conclusion to the competition which brought people in biosciences together for some fun in a difficult year. The competition was also a great addition as it allowed us to be creative and remember that you can learn a lot from your own immediate environment. It also encouraged me to use any equipment I have to experiment with nature around me and allow this to further my scientific understanding as well as passion.”
4. Discussion
4.1. Evaluation of Bioskills at Home Initiative
It is clear that those students who engaged with the various activities in the Bioskills at home experiments derived benefit from doing so. The quotes from students highlighted that the tasks they were set improved their confidence (particularly in terms of pipetting) and maintained or enhanced their motivation and interest in the subject. Each of these are valuable aspects of the affective domain that can have a positive impact on meaningful learning, as described by Novak [
4], and which has been acknowledged by academics as an important reason for first year undergraduates to undertake practical work [
16]. Our institution is not the only one to assess key practical competencies. Seery et al. [
40] have used “digital badging” as a micro-accreditation to show when students had reached a certain level of skill or demonstrated competency in a particular technique. Using a digital format allows students to use these via professional networking sites which has the potential to enhance employability and may inherently motivate students to want to “collect” more badges in a similar way to computer game achievements/badges.
4.1.1. Pipetting Task
Building student confidence in pipetting was a significant goal, as it is a skill that most students will use throughout their course and beyond, which is why it forms part of the skills competencies that are tested in the laboratory assessment at the end of the first term. Despite reduced opportunities to practice lab skills on campus (which could be further reduced if students were self-isolating or subject to travel restrictions from their home country), the fact that the proportion of students that successfully completed the pipetting assessment is similar to that seen in the previous two years suggests that the initiative was successful in ensuring students’ pipetting competencies. Pipetting was a skill that formed part of both retained laboratory classes; therefore, it is possible that students who were able to attend at least one of the laboratory classes were able to pass this assessment without the use of the online pipetting resources. This may be an explanation why the guidance on “how to operate the pipettes to dispense liquid” was the most used resource (19.6%), as this would be the key resource for students unable to attend laboratory classes as well as students wanting to remind themselves of what they learnt in the class and practice independently. This could explain the apparent disparity between the proportion of students using the resources and the pipetting assessment success rate. For those students who made use of the pipetting experiments (up to one fifth of the student cohort), performing the pipetting experiments would have provided potential benefits in being able to improve their pipetting reproducibility and troubleshoot issues in pipetting in addition to being able to accurately use a micropipette.
4.1.2. Bacterial Growth Curve
In the student quote from the microbial growth experiment, there is reference to how they had considered a range of factors that were involved in the experiment and how to ensure that they controlled the conditions that they were using. This description indicates that the student was using higher order skills than would normally be expected at this level, although this had formed part of the overall aim of the task and is in keeping with the observed benefits of enquiry-based learning [
9,
10]. In the laboratory framework proposed by Seery et al. [
41] in chemistry, the first year of laboratory classes have been described as important in forming a foundation in the key procedures and skill competencies that students would need to be familiar with in their discipline; a point supported by bioscience academics [
16]. According to Seery et al. [
41], knowledge of these procedures would be built on in subsequent years to enable students to work toward designing their own experiments, initially based on the key procedure they have learnt about but expanding on this to be able to perform open-ended experiments. Seery’s proposed framework situates these higher-level skills as appropriate for the third year of Scottish undergraduate degree programmes (equivalent to a second-year undergraduate programme in England). Since the Bioskills activities described were undertaken by students in the first term of their first year at university, this suggests that engaging with the activities starts the process of developing higher order skills as an earlier stage than otherwise might be expected.
One area that none of the quoted students mentioned but which had been factored into the design of activities were the analytical aspects of the tasks. It is difficult to assess whether this is because the students did not perform this part of the task or whether they considered other aspects more valuable and therefore noteworthy in their reflections. This aspect was included in the study design as it is well established that undergraduate students suffer with maths anxiety and so building up students’ confidence with the types of analyses that they would use on their course was considered a valuable opportunity by the academic team. An example of the extent to which science undergraduates experience maths anxiety can be seen in a study of 1153 university students in the UK. Using the maths anxiety scale (survey), it was found that maths anxiety in science disciplines (excluding computing and engineering) was the second highest amongst undergraduates with only arts, media and design students scoring more highly [
42]. In particular, bioscience undergraduate students have been observed to have difficulty working with contextualised questions [
43]. This is problematic as these types of questions have relevance in the context of their degree programme.
Of all the experiments designed for the Bioskills at home kit, this experiment received the most attention from students in terms of accessing the associated resources: twice as many students accessed the microbial growth curve resources (52.4%) compared to either of the other experiments (maximum of 26.0% for microscopy resources, 22.9% for pipetting resources). Whilst it is not possible to comment on what proportion of students who accessed the material actually performed the experiment, completion of the experiment would have given experience of data analysis, graph plotting that would have complimented lecture content as well as valuable practice at experimental design (including the use of relevant controls).
4.1.3. Microscopy
The most significant issue that was noted in the Bioskills at home initiative was a lack of engagement with some of the activities. As can be seen in the findings, the discussion boards had relatively few contributions from students and even the most well supported areas of the boards, such as the microscopy competition, showed a relatively low number of entries (a total of 12 entries across the 4 competitions) considering that the cohort was approximately 450 students.
The original aim of the microscopy experiments in the Bioskills kit was to engage student’s scientific interest and build a sense of community through the discussion boards. As described with both the pipetting and microbial growth curve, students appeared reluctant to use the boards despite the possibility of posting anonymously. However, the celebration event where students voted for winners in the microscopy competition was well supported and students attending this (which accounted for approximately a quarter of the cohort) engaged well with the session. This is supported by the student quote which highlighted that it had been a good way to bring people together.
4.2. Technical Challenges
The enormity of the task presented by sourcing, packing and distributing the Bioskills at home packs to the anticipated cohort of 500 first year students cannot be underestimated, particularly when set against the challenges presented by delivering on-campus practical classes alongside supporting lab classes that had moved online (e.g., by recording experiments and photographing experimental results for students to use in their assessments). Furthermore, working practice for technical and administrative staff had been significantly impacted by the pandemic with social distancing in place in the labs as well as staff working in “bubbles” to mitigate against infection risk and to ensure that technical support could be sustained even if staff were required to self-isolate. The preparation of the Bioskills bags, particularly considering the increase in anticipated intake (a 20% increase compared to expected numbers of students), put increasing pressure on staff to meet short deadlines. However, a combination of meticulous planning, interpersonal support and teamwork enabled staff to meet these challenges and successfully deliver the target resources to students.
4.3. Future Development of the Bioskills at Home Initiative
With the arrangements for the forthcoming academic year being put into place, there is an opportunity to reflect on the successes and limitations of this initiative and how this can be developed further to meet its original objectives. Even if students are largely able to return to campus teaching and lab provision is increased, there is still value to be gained from retaining and improving the Bioskills at home project. Apparent lack of engagement with some activities was the most significant factor which limited the success of this initiative. Whilst we are in the process of collecting data to better understand the students’ perspective, experience within the university overall suggests that navigating a year at university during a pandemic has proven to be a significant challenge to students and that they can easily become overwhelmed. The flexibility of the Bioskills activities was designed to allow students to work at a pace that suited them; however, it seems likely that the unstructured nature of the initiative contributed to the lack of engagement as students lacked defined deadlines for the most part. Further, it seems likely that the fact that these activities were not mandatory or assessed meant that students were more likely to engage with the activities if they already felt some degree of engagement with their course, whereas those who struggled to engage with the course may not have been inspired to participate in the initiatives without a clear incentive. With this in mind, going forward, the activities retained will be actively embedded into face-to-face tutor group sessions (typically a group of 10–12 students who are enrolled in the same course) with additional contact points with tutors and student mentors [
44] used to guide the activities. It is hoped that by embedding activities into the first tutorial session that students have with their personal tutors, it will help to break the ice and start to build community between students and foster engagement with the initiative that can be sustained and developed throughout their first year.
In addition to embedding the activities in a more structured way, the activities that students are asked to perform will be streamlined to retain those considered to have the highest value and therefore being most cost effective. There was certainly value in the pipetting activities both in terms of student confidence and successful completion of the practical skills assessment, so these will be retained. However, whilst the competition celebration was valuable in terms of generating interest and community building, the microscopes were an expensive component given the level of engagement with the competitions themselves. As such, the microscopy activity will not be included in the next iteration of the Bioskills kits and instead the competition and celebration will be refocussed on other activities. In addition, as students return to campus, they will have increased opportunity to use microscopes in the laboratory so there is less incentive for students to perform this with alternative equipment. The microbial growth experiment will also be retained alongside the pipetting experiment as it is both cost effective and the resources on the VLE showed the highest level of engagement of any of the activities (52.4%) even though this has not translated to experimental data being shared to the discussion boards. Additionally, as this experiment links not only to term 1 modules but has links to other modules in first year and beyond, this was seen as a high value activity. Raising student awareness of how these activities link to other modules, including the final year project module, through discussion with staff and student mentors could raise engagement especially as some mentors will have used this year’s kit and so would be able to advocate for its benefits.