What Do the Relationships between Pre-Service Biology Teachers’ Personality and Professional Knowledge Reveal about Their Innovativeness?—An Exploratory Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Teachers’ Professional Knowledge and Digitalization-Related Skills
1.2. Personality in Research on Teachers’ Professional Competence
- Neuroticism (anxiety, irritability, depression, social bias, impulsiveness, vulnerability);
- Extraversion (cordiality, sociability, assertiveness, activity, love of adventure, cheerfulness);
- Openness to experience (imagination, curiosity, interest in aesthetics such as art, music, and poetry, preference for variety instead of routine);
- Agreeableness (faithfulness, cooperativity, altruism, modesty, kindness);
- Conscientiousness (tidiness, sense of duty, need for achievement, self-discipline, considerateness).
1.3. Relationships between Personality Traits and Innovativeness
1.4. Research Question
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Questionnaires
2.2. Statistical Methods
- CCA requires a large sample size to avoid Type II errors when generating the model [86,87]. In cases of large effects (canonical correlations > 0.70), n = 50 is considered to be sufficient, whereas medium or small effects require at least 10 to 20 times as many cases as variables in the analysis [88,89]. Since we included 12 variables in our CCA, we regarded our sample size of n = 201 to be adequate;
- CCA works best when the relationships between the variables considered are homoscedastic [87]. We controlled for heteroscedasticity by ascertaining that the residual plots of any pairs of variables within and between the two sets show random patterns;
- Multicollinearity among a set’s variables can compromise a CCA’s ability to estimate reliable weights of any single variable within this set [86]. Therefore, we calculated the variance inflation factor (VIF) for each set of variables, separately. In general, a VIF of 1 indicates the absence of multicollinearity, whereas VIFs > 1 indicate existing correlations among variables of a set [90]. There are no clear criteria to certainly decide that a VIF is too large: Whereas most authors recommend eliminating variables whose VIF is >10, some others prefer a very conservative level of VIF > 2.5, especially for weak models [91,92]. In our study, the NEO-FFI set’s variables’ VIFs ranged from 1.00 to 1.36, and those of the TPACK set’s variables ranged from 1.45 to 2.69 (with only one VIF > 2.5). Thus, prior to running CCA, we could rule out problems with multicollinearity on an almost certain level;
- Although a CCA does not assume any special distribution for estimating the model, the associated significance tests require multivariate normal distribution of the variables. We checked this by running a Henze–Zirkler test, using the R package “mvn” [93]. Since this test rejected the multivariate normal distribution of our variables, we explored every single variable’s distribution, considering skewness and kurtosis parameters. This exploration showed that 10 of the 12 variables related to skewness and kurtosis parameters that did not significantly exceed |1.0| (most of them ranged close to 0), which indicated at least rough fits of the bell curve [87]. For the remaining two variables (PK and TPK of the TPACK set), the skewness parameters were also within an acceptable range, but the kurtosis was around |2.0| in the case of PK, and around |1.6| in the case of TPK. These two deviations plausibly explain why the Henze–Zirkler test rejected the multivariate normal distribution. However, since CCA results are usually quite robust if a sufficient sample size has been reached [94,95], we decided to run the CCA despite these violations. Furthermore, in making this decision, it was also important to weigh up the alternative: Whereas CCA allows for both preventing alpha-error accumulation and considering interdependencies between variables that belong to one set, the calculation of all possible bivariate correlations between the variables does not, possibly leading to even more unreliable results of significance tests [87,96,97,98].
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Pearson Correlations
3.2. Canonical Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Practical Implications and Prospects for Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Set X (NEO-FFI Subscales) | Set Y (TPACK Subscales) |
---|---|
Neuroticism (x1) | ) |
Extraversion (x2) | ) |
Openness (x3) | ) |
Agreeableness (x4) | ) |
Conscientiousness (x5) | ) |
) | |
) |
Construct(s) | Variable | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|
Big Five personality traits | Neuroticism | 20.42 | 7.62 |
Extraversion | 29.79 | 5.80 | |
Openness | 28.62 | 5.85 | |
Agreeableness | 34.04 | 5.65 | |
Conscientiousness | 32.63 | 6.13 | |
Self-concept of professional knowledge, including digitalization-related skills | TK | 4.27 | 1.21 |
CK | 4.63 | 0.82 | |
PK | 5.19 | 0.85 | |
PCK | 4.99 | 0.90 | |
TCK | 4.56 | 1.16 | |
TPK | 5.01 | 0.90 | |
TPACK | 4.78 | 1.01 |
N | E | O | A | C | TK | CK | PK | PCK | TCK | TPK | TPACK | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | ― | |||||||||||
E | −0.41 *** | ― | ||||||||||
O | −0.03 | 0.04 | ― | |||||||||
A | −0.09 | 0.32 *** | 0.05 | ― | ||||||||
C | −0.24 *** | 0.23 ** | −0.02 | 0.17 * | ― | |||||||
TK | −0.12 | −0.12 | 0.21 ** | −0.20 ** | −0.05 | ― | ||||||
CK | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.29 *** | 0.04 | 0.31 *** | 0.30 *** | ― | |||||
PK | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.21 ** | 0.11 | 0.39 *** | ― | ||||
PCK | −0.11 | 0.05 | 0.17 * | −0.07 | 0.23 ** | 0.10 | 0.51 *** | 0.56 *** | ― | |||
TCK | −0.01 | −0.08 | 0.14 | −0.03 | 0.10 | 0.38 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.44 *** | ― | ||
TPK | −0.16 * | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.19 ** | 0.43 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.64 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.58 *** | ― | |
TPACK | −0.05 | −0.10 | 0.10 | −0.05 | 0.21 ** | 0.31 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.60 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.60 *** | ― |
Canonical Function | RC | Eigenvalue | F-Test | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.44 | 0.24 | F(35,797.48) = 2.82 | <0.001 |
2 | 0.39 | 0.18 | F(24,664.04) = 2.25 | <0.001 |
3 | 0.22 | 0.05 | F(15,527.67) = 1.37 | 0.16 |
4 | 0.19 | 0.04 | F(8384) = 1.34 | 0.22 |
5 | 0.14 | 0.02 | F(3193) = 1.25 | 0.29 |
Construct(s) | Variable | h2 | Canonical Function 1 | Canonical Function 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | rs | β | rs | |||
Big Five personality traits | Neuroticism | 0.12 | −0.14 | −0.28 | −0.46 | −0.20 |
Extraversion | 0.12 | −0.07 | 0.10 | −0.21 | −0.34 | |
Openness | 0.56 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0.23 | |
Agreeableness | 0.57 | −0.22 | −0.08 | −0.64 | −0.75 | |
Conscientiousness | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.63 | −0.52 | −0.57 | |
Self-concept of professional knowledge, including digitalization-related skills | TK | 0.73 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 1.05 | 0.74 |
CK | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.96 | −0.49 | −0.21 | |
PK | 0.29 | −0.05 | 0.42 | −0.31 | −0.33 | |
PCK | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.01 | |
TCK | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.41 | −0.11 | 0.06 | |
TPK | 0.27 | −0.06 | 0.52 | −0.28 | −0.07 | |
TPACK | 0.30 | −0.09 | 0.55 | −0.06 | −0.03 |
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Welter, V.D.E.; Emmerichs, L.; Schlüter, K. What Do the Relationships between Pre-Service Biology Teachers’ Personality and Professional Knowledge Reveal about Their Innovativeness?—An Exploratory Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060396
Welter VDE, Emmerichs L, Schlüter K. What Do the Relationships between Pre-Service Biology Teachers’ Personality and Professional Knowledge Reveal about Their Innovativeness?—An Exploratory Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Education Sciences. 2022; 12(6):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060396
Chicago/Turabian StyleWelter, Virginia Deborah Elaine, Lars Emmerichs, and Kirsten Schlüter. 2022. "What Do the Relationships between Pre-Service Biology Teachers’ Personality and Professional Knowledge Reveal about Their Innovativeness?—An Exploratory Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis" Education Sciences 12, no. 6: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060396