Social Stigma in Children with Long COVID
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Operational Definition of Long COVID
2.2. Study Tools
2.3. Ethics Committee Approval
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Negative | Total | No Long COVID | Long COVID | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 224 | N = 184 | N = 40 | ||
Male sex | 120 (53.8%) | 103 (56.3%) | 17 (42.5%) | 0.11 |
Age (months) | 84.0 (48.0–120.0) | 72.0 (36.0–108.0) | 114.0 (90.0–156.0) | <0.001 |
I felt embarrassed due to Long COVID | 0.035 | |||
1 (never) | 193 (86.2%) | 164 (89.1%) | 29 (72.5%) | |
2 | 16 (7.1%) | 11 (6.0%) | 5 (12.5%) | |
3 | 10 (4.5%) | 5 (2.7%) | 5 (12.5%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 3 (1.6%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
5 (always) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
I felt embarrassed due to my physical limitation | <0.001 | |||
1 | 194 (86.6%) | 169 (91.8%) | 25 (62.5%) | |
2 | 18 (8.0%) | 11 (6.0%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
3 | 8 (3.6%) | 2 (1.1%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
4 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
I felt less valued due to Long COVID | 0.003 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 170 (92.3%) | 29 (72.5%) | |
2 | 15 (6.7%) | 8 (4.4%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
3 | 6 (2.7%) | 4 (2.2%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
I felt different due to Long COVID | 0.033 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 169 (91.8%) | 30 (75.0%) | |
2 | 13 (5.8%) | 7 (3.8%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
3 | 7 (3.1%) | 5 (2.7%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
4 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
Due to Long COVID, people are uncomfortable with me | 0.15 | |||
1 | 203 (90.6%) | 168 (91.3%) | 35 (87.5%) | |
2 | 13 (5.8%) | 11 (6.0%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
3 | 5 (2.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
4 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Due to Long COVID, people are rude to me | 0.43 | |||
1 | 208 (92.9%) | 172 (93.5%) | 36 (90.0%) | |
2 | 7 (3.1%) | 6 (3.3%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
3 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Close people did not want spent time with me anymore when they knew I may have Long COVID | 0.096 | |||
1 | 215 (96.0%) | 176 (95.7%) | 39 (97.5%) | |
2 | 7 (3.1%) | 7 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
3 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People thought I was lying about my health | 0.006 | |||
1 | 212 (94.6%) | 177 (96.2%) | 35 (87.5%) | |
2 | 6 (2.7%) | 5 (2.7%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
3 | 3 (1.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
4 | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People stopped respecting me due to Long COVID | 0.017 | |||
1 | 214 (95.5%) | 177 (96.2%) | 37 (92.5%) | |
2 | 5 (2.2%) | 5 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
3 | 4 (1.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People do not think Long COVID is a real disease | 0.007 | |||
1 | 178 (79.5%) | 153 (83.2%) | 25 (62.5%) | |
2 | 17 (7.6%) | 11 (6.0%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
3 | 17 (7.6%) | 14 (7.7%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
4 | 5 (2.2%) | 3 (1.6%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
5 | 7 (3.1%) | 3 (1.6%) | 4 (10.0%) | |
People think having Long COVID is a sign of weakness | 0.008 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 168 (91.3%) | 31 (77.5%) | |
2 | 9 (4.0%) | 7 (3.8%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
3 | 6 (2.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
5 | 6 (2.7%) | 5 (2.7%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
I feel I can be judged negatively due to Long COVID | <0.001 | |||
1 | 204 (91.1%) | 174 (94.6%) | 30 (75.0%) | |
2 | 8 (3.6%) | 6 (3.3%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
3 | 8 (3.6%) | 2 (1.1%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
4 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
5 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (2.5%) |
Total | No Self-Answer | Self-Answer | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 192 | N = 32 | |||
I felt embarrassed due to Long COVID | 0.010 | |||
1 (never) | 193 (86.2%) | 170 (88.5%) | 23 (71.9%) | |
2 | 16 (7.1%) | 13 (6.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
3 | 10 (4.5%) | 7 (3.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
5 (always) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
I felt embarrassed due to my physical limitation | 0.004 | |||
1 | 194 (86.6%) | 171 (89.1%) | 23 (71.9%) | |
2 | 18 (8.0%) | 14 (7.3%) | 4 (12.5%) | |
3 | 8 (3.6%) | 6 (3.1%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 3 (1.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
I felt less valued due to Long COVID | 0.057 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 174 (90.6%) | 25 (78.1%) | |
2 | 15 (6.7%) | 12 (6.2%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
3 | 6 (2.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 3 (1.6%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
I felt different due to Long COVID | 0.36 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 173 (90.1%) | 26 (81.2%) | |
2 | 13 (5.8%) | 11 (5.7%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
3 | 7 (3.1%) | 5 (2.6%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
Due to Long COVID people, are uncomfortable with me | 0.45 | |||
1 | 203 (90.6%) | 174 (90.6%) | 29 (90.6%) | |
2 | 13 (5.8%) | 12 (6.2%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
3 | 5 (2.2%) | 3 (1.6%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Due to Long COVID, people are rude to me | 0.81 | |||
1 | 208 (92.9%) | 179 (93.2%) | 29 (90.6%) | |
2 | 7 (3.1%) | 6 (3.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
3 | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 3 (1.6%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
5 | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Close people did not want spent time with me anymore when they knew I may have Long COVID | 0.95 | |||
1 | 215 (96.0%) | 184 (95.8%) | 31 (96.9%) | |
2 | 7 (3.1%) | 6 (3.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
3 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People thought I was lying about my health | 0.040 | |||
1 | 212 (94.6%) | 183 (95.3%) | 29 (90.6%) | |
2 | 6 (2.7%) | 6 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
3 | 3 (1.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People stopped respecting me due to Long COVID | 0.006 | |||
1 | 214 (95.5%) | 186 (96.9%) | 28 (87.5%) | |
2 | 5 (2.2%) | 4 (2.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
3 | 4 (1.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
5 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
People do not think Long COVID is a real disease | <0.001 | |||
1 | 178 (79.5%) | 158 (82.3%) | 20 (62.5%) | |
2 | 17 (7.6%) | 15 (7.8%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
3 | 17 (7.6%) | 12 (6.2%) | 5 (15.6%) | |
4 | 5 (2.2%) | 5 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 7 (3.1%) | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | |
People think having Long COVID is a sign of weakness | 0.002 | |||
1 | 199 (88.8%) | 174 (90.6%) | 25 (78.1%) | |
2 | 9 (4.0%) | 8 (4.2%) | 1 (3.1%) | |
3 | 6 (2.7%) | 4 (2.1%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 4 (1.8%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 6 (2.7%) | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (12.5%) | |
I feel I can be judged negatively due to Long COVID | <0.001 | |||
1 | 204 (91.1%) | 180 (93.8%) | 24 (75.0%) | |
2 | 8 (3.6%) | 5 (2.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
3 | 8 (3.6%) | 6 (3.1%) | 2 (6.2%) | |
4 | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
5 | 3 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (9.4%) |
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Buonsenso, D.; Camporesi, A.; Morello, R.; De Rose, C.; Fracasso, M.; Chieffo, D.P.R.; Valentini, P. Social Stigma in Children with Long COVID. Children 2023, 10, 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091518
Buonsenso D, Camporesi A, Morello R, De Rose C, Fracasso M, Chieffo DPR, Valentini P. Social Stigma in Children with Long COVID. Children. 2023; 10(9):1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091518
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuonsenso, Danilo, Anna Camporesi, Rosa Morello, Cristina De Rose, Matteo Fracasso, Daniela Pia Rosaria Chieffo, and Piero Valentini. 2023. "Social Stigma in Children with Long COVID" Children 10, no. 9: 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091518
APA StyleBuonsenso, D., Camporesi, A., Morello, R., De Rose, C., Fracasso, M., Chieffo, D. P. R., & Valentini, P. (2023). Social Stigma in Children with Long COVID. Children, 10(9), 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091518