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Volume 11
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10.3390/children11010089
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Article

How Do Children “Think outside the Box”? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender

by
Marco Giancola
1,
Massimiliano Palmiero
2,
Maria Chiara Pino
1,
Marta Sannino
1 and
Simonetta D’Amico
1,*
1
Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
2
Department of Communication Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Children 2024, 11(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010089
Submission received: 16 December 2023 / Revised: 3 January 2024 / Accepted: 9 January 2024 / Published: 11 January 2024
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Abstract

The interplay between fluid intelligence (Gf) and divergent thinking (DT) has widely characterized current research in the psychology of creativity. Nevertheless, the evidence on the main factors involved in this association during childhood remains a matter of debate. Present research has addressed the interplay between Gf and DT, exploring the mediating role of a field dependent-independent cognitive style (FDI) and the moderating effect of gender in 101 children (Mage = 8.02; SDage = 1.43). Participants carried out Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices, the Children Embedded Figure Test, and the Alternative Uses Task. The results revealed the mediating effect of FDI in the association between Gf and DT, providing evidence that this cognitive style represents a function of controlled mental processes underpinned by Gf, which are useful to thinking divergently. In addition, the findings reported that the interplay between FDI and DT was moderated by gender, suggesting that the impact of FDI on DT was stronger among boys. Through a multidimensional approach, these current research findings provide further insight into the primary children’s factors involved in the ability to find alternative solutions and think divergently.
Keywords: fluid intelligence; creativity; field dependent-independent cognitive style; childhood; moderated mediation fluid intelligence; creativity; field dependent-independent cognitive style; childhood; moderated mediation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Giancola, M.; Palmiero, M.; Pino, M.C.; Sannino, M.; D’Amico, S. How Do Children “Think outside the Box”? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender. Children 2024, 11, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010089

AMA Style

Giancola M, Palmiero M, Pino MC, Sannino M, D’Amico S. How Do Children “Think outside the Box”? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender. Children. 2024; 11(1):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010089

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giancola, Marco, Massimiliano Palmiero, Maria Chiara Pino, Marta Sannino, and Simonetta D’Amico. 2024. "How Do Children “Think outside the Box”? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender" Children 11, no. 1: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010089

APA Style

Giancola, M., Palmiero, M., Pino, M. C., Sannino, M., & D’Amico, S. (2024). How Do Children “Think outside the Box”? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender. Children, 11(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010089

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