The Association between Social Isolation and Physical Activity among Korean Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variable
2.2.2. Social Isolation and Type of Social Isolation
2.2.3. Independent Variables
2.2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Comparison of Physical Activity Based on Social Isolation Status
3.3. Comparison of Physical Activity by Types of Social Isolation
3.4. Comparing the Determinants of Physical Activity between Socially Isolated and Non-Isolated Korean Adolescents
3.5. Comparing the Determinants of Physical Activity between Types of Social Isolation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyzed Variables | N | Percentage or Mean (±SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 1600 | 47.7 |
Girl | 1756 | 52.3 | |
Age | 13 | 525 | 15.6 |
14 | 472 | 14.1 | |
15 | 655 | 19.5 | |
16 | 666 | 19.8 | |
17 | 562 | 16.7 | |
18 | 476 | 14.2 | |
School level | Middle school | 1652 | 49.2 |
High school | 1704 | 50.8 | |
Self-rated health | Below average (≤3) | 817 | 24.3 |
Above average (≥4) | 2536 | 75.6 | |
Household subjective economic status | 1–6, where a lower score indicates greater wealth | 3318 | 3.3 (0.9) |
Loneliness | Not lonely | 2826 | 84.2 |
Lonely | 526 | 15.7 | |
Number of physically active friends | 3356 | 0.50 (1.0) | |
Social isolation sub-type | Sociable, non-isolated | 1695 | 50.5 |
Socially avoidant | 701 | 20.9 | |
Socially disinterested | 435 | 13.0 | |
Actively isolated | 525 | 15.6 | |
Physical Activity | Fewer than 3 times per week | 1734 | 51.7 |
3 or more times per week | 1577 | 47.0 |
Analyzed Variables | Total | Isolation Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Sociable, Non-Isolated | Isolated | χ2 (p) | ||||
N | % | N | % | |||||
Physical Activity | Fewer than 3 times per week | 1734 | 52.4 | 827 | 49.3 | 907 | 55.5 | 13.0 (<0.001) |
3 or more times per week | 1577 | 47.6 | 851 | 50.7 | 726 | 44.5 | ||
Total | 3311 | 100.0 | 1678 | 100.0 | 1633 | 100.0 |
Total | Social Isolation Sub-Type | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Sociable, Non-Isolated | Socially Avoidant | Socially Disinterested | Actively Isolated | χ2 (p) | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||
Physical Activity | Fewer than 3 times per week | 1734 | 52.4 | 827 | 49.3 | 402 | 58.7 | 235 | 54.8 | 270 | 52.0 | 18.3 (<0.001) |
3 or more times per week | 1577 | 47.6 | 851 | 50.7 | 283 | 41.3 | 194 | 45.2 | 249 | 48.0 | ||
Total | 3311 | 100.0 | 1678 | 100.0 | 685 | 100.0 | 429 | 100.0 | 519 | 100.0 |
Analyzed Variables | Total (N = 3311) | Sociable, Non-Isolated (N = 1678) | Isolated (N = 1633) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||||
Gender | Boy (ref) | ||||||||||||
Girl | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.47 | <0.001 | |
School level | Middle (ref) | ||||||||||||
High | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 1.10 | 0.129 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.63 | <0.001 | |
Age | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.001 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 1.08 | 0.403 | |
Self-rated health | Below average (≤3, ref) | ||||||||||||
Above average (≥4) | 1.69 | 1.41 | 2.02 | <0.001 | 1.70 | 1.31 | 2.20 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 1.30 | 2.15 | <0.001 | |
Household subjective economic status (a lower score indicates greater wealth) | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.088 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 0.914 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 0.025 | |
Loneliness | Not lonely (ref) | ||||||||||||
Lonely | 0.95 | 0.77 | 1.18 | 0.657 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 1.21 | 0.488 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.33 | 0.967 | |
Number of physically active friends | 1.30 | 1.18 | 1.42 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.18 | 1.46 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 0.99 | 1.51 | 0.066 | |
−2 log likelihood | 3994.07 | 1999.05 | 1986.79 | ||||||||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.201 | 0.218 | 0.180 | ||||||||||
Chi-square (df) | 533.18 (7) | 294.89 (7) | 233.37 (7) |
Analyzed Variables | Socially Avoidant (N = 701) | Socially Disinterested (N = 435) | Actively Isolated (N = 525) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||||
Gender | Boy (ref) | |||||||||||||
Girl | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.70 | <0.001 | ||
School level | Middle (ref) | |||||||||||||
high | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.93 | 0.029 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.66 | 0.003 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.94 | 0.034 | ||
Age | 0.93 | 0.76 | 1.15 | 0.505 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 1.31 | 0.899 | 0.90 | 0.72 | 1.14 | 0.392 | ||
Self-rated health | Below average (≤3, ref) | |||||||||||||
Above average (≥4) | 1.65 | 1.13 | 2.42 | 0.010 | 1.57 | 0.96 | 2.57 | 0.075 | 1.91 | 1.20 | 3.04 | 0.006 | ||
Household subjective economic status (a lower score indicates greater wealth) | 0.84 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.059 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 1.23 | 0.862 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 1.03 | 0.095 | ||
Loneliness | Not lonely (ref) | |||||||||||||
Lonely | 1.23 | 0.79 | 1.90 | 0.353 | 1.23 | 0.72 | 2.10 | 0.440 | 0.53 | 0.28 | 1.00 | 0.050 | ||
Number of physically active friends | N/A | 0.91 | 0.62 | 1.35 | 0.639 | 1.42 | 1.06 | 1.92 | 0.020 | |||||
−2 Log likelihood | 848.52 | 508.92 | 612.05 | |||||||||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.138 | 0.216 | 0.230 | |||||||||||
Chi-Square (df) | 73.476 (6) | 74.700 (7) | 96.946 (7) |
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Jang, S.; Park, N.-Y. The Association between Social Isolation and Physical Activity among Korean Adolescents. Children 2024, 11, 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081003
Jang S, Park N-Y. The Association between Social Isolation and Physical Activity among Korean Adolescents. Children. 2024; 11(8):1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081003
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Sarang, and Na-Young Park. 2024. "The Association between Social Isolation and Physical Activity among Korean Adolescents" Children 11, no. 8: 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081003