Iron and Vitamin A Status of Children Aged 0 to 36 Months in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, South Africa †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Sample Size and Sample Technique
2.3. Variables Measured
2.4. Anthropometrics
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Definitions of Iron and Vitamin A Deficiencies and Anaemia
2.7. Dietary Assessment
2.8. Ethical Considerations
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographics
3.2. Anthropometrics Status of Children
3.3. Iron and Vitamin A Status of Children
3.4. Dietary Diversity of Children
3.5. Association between Anthrpometric and Biochmical Measurements
3.6. The Association between Micronutrients and the Anthropometric Status of Children
4. Discussion
4.1. Implication of the Study
4.2. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % |
---|---|---|
Child | ||
Age of child (months) | 101 | 40.4 |
<6 | 127 | 50.8 |
6–24 | 22 | 8.8 |
>24 | ||
Sex | ||
Boys | 131 | 52.4 |
Girls | 119 | 47.8 |
Mother | ||
Maternal age (years) | ||
≤19 | 31 | 12.4 |
20–29 | 123 | 49.2 |
30–39 | 88 | 35.2 |
≥40 | 8 | 3.2 |
Education status | ||
None | 1 | 0.4 |
Low literacy level a | 8 | 3.2 |
High literacy level b | 241 | 96.4 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 94 | 37.6 |
Single | 153 | 62.4 |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed | 188 | 75.2 |
Employed | 62 | 24.8 |
Z-Score Classification | Interpretation | n | % | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight for age | −0.24 ± 0.871 | |||
−3SD–≤2SD | Underweight | 9 | 3.6 | |
−2SD–≤1SD | Mild underweight | 41 | 16.4 | |
−1SD–+1SD | Normal | 183 | 73.2 | |
>+1SD–≤+2SD | Possible growth problems | 17 | 6.8 | |
Length-for-age | −0.35 ± 1.258 | |||
≤3SD | Severely stunted | 1 | 0.4 | |
−3SD–≤2SD | Stunted | 23 | 9.2 | |
−2SD–≤1SD | Mild stunted | 59 | 23.6 | |
−1SD–<+3SD | Normal length | 167 | 66.8 | |
Weight for length | −0.06 ± 1.049 | |||
−3SD–≤2SD | Wasted | 5 | 2 | |
−2SD–≤1SD | Mild wasted | 48 | 19.2 | |
−1SD–+1SD | Normal WHZ | 161 | 64.4 | |
>+1SD–≤+2SD | Possible risk of overweight | 33 | 13.2 | |
+2SD–<+3SD | Overweight | 3 | 1.2 | |
BMI for age | −0.05 ± 1.064 | |||
−3SD–≤2SD | Wasted | 6 | 2.4 | |
−2SD–≤1SD | Normal BMI/A | 46 | 18.4 | |
−1SD–+1SD | Normal BMI/A | 154 | 61.6 | |
>+1SD–<+2SD | Possible risk of overweight | 40 | 16 | |
+2SD–<+3SD | Overweight | 4 | 1.6 | |
MUAC for age | ||||
11.0–12.5 cm | Moderate Acute Malnutrition | 3 | 1.5 | |
12.5–13.5 cm | At risk of Acute Malnutrition | 13 | 6.5 | |
>13.5 cm | Well-Nourished | 184 | 92 |
Variables | HB | Iron | Transferrin | T Saturation | Ferritin | Serum Retinol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WLZ | ||||||
r | 0.098 | 0.007 | −0.126 | 0.154 | 0.123 | 0.034 |
p | 0.255 | 0.937 | 0.032 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.690 |
WAZ | ||||||
r | 0.169 | 0.109 | −0.016 | 0.042 | 0.148 | 0.065 |
p | 0.047 | 0.203 | 0.853 | 0.623 | 0.054 | 0.451 |
LAZ | ||||||
r | 0.143 | 0.058 | 0.158 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.150 |
p | 0.094 | 0.497 | 0.054 | 0.977 | 0.843 | 0.079 |
BMI/A | ||||||
r | 0.091 | 0.032 | −0.213 | 0.121 | 0.216 | 0.066 |
p | 0.290 | 0.706 | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.036 | 0.444 |
MUAC-for-Age | ||||||
r | 0.101 | 0.081 | −0.068 | 0.031 | 0.150 | 0.090 |
p | 0.269 | 0.375 | 0.459 | 0.735 | 0.099 | 0.322 |
HB | ||||||
r | - | 0.176 | 0.047 | 0.183 | 0.122 | 0.148 |
p | - | 0.039 | 0.589 | 0.031 | 0.145 | 0.082 |
Iron | ||||||
r | 0.176 | - | 0.025 | 0.420 | 0.020 | 0.112 |
p | 0.039 | - | 0.775 | 0.000 | 0.814 | 0.193 |
Biochemical Indicators | Anthropometrics Indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight-for-Age | Df | p-Value | ||
Iron Ferritin | Underweight | Normal | 1 | |
Low | 8 (44.4%) | 10 (56.5%) | 0.007 * | |
Normal | 42 (18.1%) | 190 (81.9%) | ||
Length-for-age | ||||
Iron Ferritin | Stunted | Normal | 1 | |
Low | 4 (22.2%) | 14 (77.8%) | 0.030 * | |
Normal | 79 (34.1%) | 153 (65.9%) |
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Mugware, A.; Motadi, S.A.; Bere, A.; Mushaphi, L.F. Iron and Vitamin A Status of Children Aged 0 to 36 Months in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, South Africa. Children 2024, 11, 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081018
Mugware A, Motadi SA, Bere A, Mushaphi LF. Iron and Vitamin A Status of Children Aged 0 to 36 Months in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, South Africa. Children. 2024; 11(8):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081018
Chicago/Turabian StyleMugware, Anzani, Selekane Ananias Motadi, Alphonce Bere, and Lindelani Fhumudzani Mushaphi. 2024. "Iron and Vitamin A Status of Children Aged 0 to 36 Months in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, South Africa" Children 11, no. 8: 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11081018