Assessment of Psychosocial Stress and Mental Health Disorders in Parents and Their Children in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Results from the SKKIPPI Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.3. Perinatal Stressors and Characteristics
3.4. Individual Parental Stressors
3.5. Mental Health Problems of the Parents and the Child
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Comparison with Other Studies
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mothers n (%) | Fathers n (%) | Full Sample n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Study site | 4984 | 962 | 5946 |
| 3963 (79.5) | 745 (77.4) | 4708 (79.2) |
| 67 (1.3) | 14 (1.5) | 81 (1.4) |
| 813 (16.3) | 171 (17.8) | 984 (16.5) |
| 141 (2.8) | 32 (3.3) | 173 (2.9) |
Age group | 4984 | 962 | 5946 |
| 778 (15.6) | 88 (9.1) | 866 (14.6) |
| 3708 (74.4) | 649 (67.5) | 4357 (73.3) |
| 497 (10.0) | 203 (21.1) | 700 (11.8) |
| 1 (0.0) | 22 (2.3) | 23 (0.4) |
Country of birth | 4946 | 936 | 5882 |
| 4190 (84.7) | 786 (84.0) | 4976 (84.6) |
| 756 (15.3) | 150 (16.0) | 906 (15.4) |
Native language | 4945 | 935 | 5880 |
| 4232 (85.6) | 796 (85.1) | 5028 (85.5) |
German language skills (if not native German, self-assessment) | 711 | 139 | 850 |
| 557 (78.3) | 99 (71.2) | 656 (77.2) |
| 100 (14.1) | 20 (14.4) | 120 (14.1) |
| 54 (7.6) | 20 (14.4) | 74 (8.7) |
Educational level | 4944 | 935 | 5879 |
| 24 (0.5) | 7 (0.7) | 31 (0.5) |
| 695 (14.1) | 127 (13.6) | 822 (14.0) |
| 4196 (84.9) | 796 (85.1) | 4992 (84.9) |
| 29 (0.6) | 5 (0.5) | 34 (0.6) |
Current partner/relationship | 4970 | 950 | 5920 |
| 4749 (95.6) | 947 (99.7) | 5696 (96.2) |
Single parent | 4943 | 935 | 5878 |
| 289 (5.8) | 7 (0.7) | 296 (5.0) |
Number of children < 18 y in household (including index child) | 4945 | 934 | 5879 |
| 111 (2.2) | 19 (2.0) | 130 (2.2) |
| 2640 (53.4) | 563 (60.3) | 3203 (54.5) |
| 1692 (34.2) | 265 (28.4) | 1957 (33.3) |
| 502 (10.2) | 87 (9.3) | 589 (10.0) |
Receiving government benefit payments | 4940 | 936 | 5885 |
| 653 (13.2) | 83 (8.9) | 736 (12.5) |
Support through early intervention programs | 4943 | 935 | 5878 |
| 727 (14.7) | 156 (16.7) | 883 (15.0) |
Mothers n (%) | Fathers n (%) | Full Sample n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Index child diagnosed with a serious illness or disability after birth or in the first few months of life | 4977 | 954 | 5931 |
| 180 (3.6) | 30 (3.1) | 210 (3.5) |
Other child in household with a serious illness or disability | 4940 | 935 | 5875 |
| 111 (2.2) | 28 (3.0) | 139 (2.4) |
Relationship with the child (‘I feel close to my child …’) | 4972 | 950 | 5922 |
| 3918 (78.8) | 685 (72.1) | 4603 (77.7) |
| 1000 (20.1) | 249 (26.2) | 1249 (21.1) |
| 48 (1.0) | 15 (1.6) | 63 (1.1) |
| 6 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) |
| 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Severe, negative experiences in own childhood | 4944 | 938 | 5882 |
| 1064 (21.5) | 150 (16.0) | 1214 (20.6) |
Excessive preoccupation with diet and weight | 4950 | 938 | 5888 |
| 705 (14.2) | 66 (7.0) | 771 (13.1) |
Current burdensome (chronic) illness | 4947 | 936 | 5883 |
| 377 (7.6) | 80 (8.5) | 457 (7.8) |
Use of digital media: ‘I feel stressed if my child seeks my attention while I am using my smartphone/tablet.’ | 4968 | 948 | 5916 |
| 785 (15.8) | 153 (16.1) | 938 (15.9) |
Use of digital media: ‘When I feed or play with my child, I use my smartphone/tablet …’ | 4972 | 950 | 5922 |
| 1411 (28.4) | 302 (31.8) | 1713 (28.9) |
| 2119 (42.6) | 396 (41.7) | 2515 (42.5) |
| 1253 (25.2) | 224 (23.6) | 1477 (24.9) |
| 189 (3.8) | 28 (2.9) | 217 (3.7) |
Mothers n (%) | Fathers n (%) | Full Sample n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Occurrence of parental mental health disorders (lifetime) | 4940 | 935 | 5875 |
| 3886 (78.7) | 825 (88.2) | 4711 (80.2) |
| 4951 | 937 | 5888 |
| 738 (14.9) | 69 (7.4) | 807 (13.7) |
| 282 (5.7) | 31 (3.3) | 313 (5.3) |
| 35 (0.7) | 7 (0.7) | 42 (0.7) |
| 16 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 17 (0.3) |
Occurrence of parental mental health problems (current situation) | |||
Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-2) | 4955 | 944 | 5899 |
| 458 (9.2) | 84 (8.9) | 542 (9.2) |
Anxiety symptoms (GAD-2) | 4953 | 944 | 5897 |
| 537 (10.8) | 70 (7.4) | 607 (10.3) |
Alcohol problems | 4951 | 938 | 5889 |
| 15 (0.3) | 9 (1.0) | 24 (0.4) |
Drug problems | 4950 | 937 | 5887 |
| 9 (0.2) | 5 (0.5) | 14 (0.2) |
Obsessive–compulsive thoughts | 4948 | 938 | 5886 |
| 1054 (21.3) | 145 (15.5) | 1199 (20.4) |
Obsessive–compulsive acts | 4951 | 938 | 5889 |
| 271 (5.5) | 60 (6.4) | 331 (5.6) |
Mood swings and difficulties in controlling feelings | 4946 | 935 | 5881 |
| 982 (19.9) | 110 (11.8) | 1092 (18.6) |
Regulatory Problem | Mothers n (%) | Fathers n (%) | Full Sample n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Feeding problems | 4972 | 945 | 5917 |
| 71 (1.4) | 20 (2.1) | 91 (1.5) |
Excessive crying | 4972 | 950 | 5922 |
| 151 (3.0) | 20 (2.1) | 171 (2.9) |
Difficulties in falling asleep | 4973 | 950 | 5923 |
| 171 (3.4) | 45 (4.7) | 216 (3.6) |
Difficulties in maintaining sleep | 4973 | 950 | 5923 |
| 246 (4.9) | 59 (6.2) | 305 (5.1) |
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Fricke, J.; Bolster, M.; Icke, K.; Lisewski, N.; Kuchinke, L.; Ludwig-Körner, C.; Schlensog-Schuster, F.; Reinhold, T.; Berghöfer, A.; Roll, S.; et al. Assessment of Psychosocial Stress and Mental Health Disorders in Parents and Their Children in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Results from the SKKIPPI Cohort Study. Children 2024, 11, 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080920
Fricke J, Bolster M, Icke K, Lisewski N, Kuchinke L, Ludwig-Körner C, Schlensog-Schuster F, Reinhold T, Berghöfer A, Roll S, et al. Assessment of Psychosocial Stress and Mental Health Disorders in Parents and Their Children in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Results from the SKKIPPI Cohort Study. Children. 2024; 11(8):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080920
Chicago/Turabian StyleFricke, Julia, Marie Bolster, Katja Icke, Natalja Lisewski, Lars Kuchinke, Christiane Ludwig-Körner, Franziska Schlensog-Schuster, Thomas Reinhold, Anne Berghöfer, Stephanie Roll, and et al. 2024. "Assessment of Psychosocial Stress and Mental Health Disorders in Parents and Their Children in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Results from the SKKIPPI Cohort Study" Children 11, no. 8: 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080920