Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-88&66) in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Translation and Cross Cultural Adaptation Process
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability
3.2. Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age, (Range) Mean (Standard Deviation), Median: (5–18 y), 8.82 (3.78), 8.00 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | Male | 82 (54.7) | |||||
Female | 68 (45.3) | ||||||
GMFCS Levels, n (%) | I | 30 (20.00) | |||||
II | 30 (20.00) | ||||||
III | 30 (20.00) | ||||||
IV | 30 (20.00) | ||||||
V | 30 (20.00) | ||||||
Age mean (Standard deviation) | GMFCS I | GMFCS II | GMFCS III | GMFCS IV | GMFCS V | ||
Clinical Type, n (%) | Spastic 107 (71.33) | 8.68 (3.55) | 30 | 20 | 25 | 13 | 19 |
Dyskinetic 35 (23.33) | 9.08 (4.61) | - | 4 | 3 | 17 | 11 | |
Ataxic 8 (5.33) | 9.00 (2.91) | 1 | 5 | 2 | - | - | |
Centre of origin, n (%) | Special education and rehabilitation center | 105 (70) | |||||
University hospital | 30 (20) | ||||||
Private practice | 15 (10) | ||||||
GMFM | Mean | Standard deviation | Median | Minimum | Maximum | ||
GMFM-88-Lying and rolling | 81.86 | 27.59 | 96.10 | 2.00 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Sitting | 66.14 | 34.29 | 78.30 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Crawling and kneeling | 53.30 | 40.59 | 60.70 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Standing | 34.35 | 36.81 | 20.50 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Walking/running/jumping | 32.25 | 35.61 | 18.00 | 0.00 | 98.60 | ||
GMFM-88-Total Score | 53.58 | 31.89 | 55.51 | 2.00 | 99.72 | ||
GMFM-66 Score | 49.74 | 22.40 | 48.50 | 4.10 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Lying and rolling-re-test | 76.96 | 28.98 | 93.00 | 3.00 | 99.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Sitting re-test | 62.76 | 34.66 | 68.30 | 4.00 | 99.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Crawling and kneeling-re-test | 45.27 | 41.89 | 40.50 | 0.00 | 99.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Standing-re-test | 35.42 | 38.20 | 15.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Walking/running/jumping-re-test | 34.40 | 38.35 | 5.20 | 0.00 | 96.00 | ||
GMFM-88-Total Score re-test | 51.37 | 34.14 | 46.96 | 1.40 | 98.40 | ||
GMFM-66 Score re-test | 49.00 | 24.10 | 44.50 | 8.00 | 99.00 | ||
GMFM 88 Total Scores According to the GMFCS Levels | |||||||
GMFCS Level I | 64.614 | 4.441 | 96.290 | 84.38 | 99.72 | ||
GMFCS Level II | 75.78 | 11.23 | 79.33 | 46.52 | 90.04 | ||
GMFCS Level III | 57.96 | 11.86 | 56.34 | 39.84 | 87.86 | ||
GMFCS Level IV | 29.00 | 9.99 | 28.20 | 8.94 | 47.74 | ||
GMFCS Level V | 10.55 | 5.37 | 11.38 | 2.00 | 17.28 | ||
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory | |||||||
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory— Mobility | 53.64 | 32.60 | 54.23 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
GMFM | GMFCS I | GMFCS II | GMFCS III | GMFCS IV | GMFCS V | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spas. | Dys. | At. | Spas. | Dys. | At. | Spas. | Dys. | At. | Spas. | Dys. | At. | Spas. | Dys. | At. | |
X (SD) | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | X ± SD | |
A | 98.90 ± 1.53 | - | - | 97.87 ± 2.17 | 96.10 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 98.58 ± 1.95 | 86.66 ± 4.09 | 100 ± 0 | 78.26 ± 20.36 | 83.18 ± 9.93 | - | 39.65 ± 20.01 | 23.70 ± 19.56 | - |
B | 98.03 ± 2.31 | - | - | 94.69 ± 5.09 | 85.0 ± 7.73 | 98.33 ± 1.47 | 84.01 ± 11.62 | 71.10 ± 12.47 | 80.85 ± 8.27 | 40.51 ± 19.64 | 40.58 ± 16.58 | - | 15.17 ± 9.29 | 16.05 ± 8.34 | - |
C | 97.61 ± 4.29 | - | - | 86.80 ± 17.33 | 79.80 ± 1.38 | 80.16 ± 14.18 | 64.87 ± 23.92 | 48.40 ± 5.54 | 80.95 ± 16.89 | 23.44 ± 21.75 | 15.55 ± 21.71 | - | 1.51 ± 2.14 | 0.43 ± 1.26 | - |
D | 90.76 ± 12.12 | - | - | 53.97 ± 19.66 | 33.30 ± 23.67 | 63.26 ± 23.46 | 25.33 ± 19.56 | 15.40 ± 13.33 | 29.50 ± 12.72 | 3.54 ± 5.69 | 3.37 ± 2.95 | - | 1.42 ± 1.64 | 0.81 ± 0.60 | - |
E | 87.76 ± 9.29 | - | - | 52.44 ± 22.26 | 37.50 ± 17.66 | 45.83 ± 16.14 | 23.22 ± 21.81 | 13.60 ± 1.97 | 23.60 ± 1.97 | 1.92 ± 3.27 | 0.30 ± 1.23 | - | 0.63 ± 0.89 | 0.43 ± 0.97 | - |
GMFM-88 Total | 94.61 ± 4.44 | - | - | 77.15 ± 11.95 | 66.34 ± 10.09 | 77.52 ± 6.72 | 59.20 ± 11.81 | 44.31 ± 3.23 | 62.98 ± 7.97 | 29.54 ± 12.88 | 28.60 ± 7.49 | - | 11.67 ± 5.30 | 8.60 ± 5.15 | - |
GMFM-66 Total | 80.98 ± 9.55 | - | - | 61.69 ± 7.56 | 55.35 ± 7.10 | 58.43 ± 4.13 | 50.38 ± 6.72 | 43.73 ± 1.15 | 70.75 ± 30.19 | 38.09 ± 11.12 | 35.22 ± 5.63 | - | 20.32 ± 6.93 | 19.92 ± 6.11 | - |
GMFM Domains | Internal Consistency Alpha a | Inter-Rater Reliability | Intra-Rater Reliability | SEM | MDC90 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICC | 95%CI | p | ICC | 95%CI | p | ||||
A. Lying and rolling | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.996–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.994 | 0.990–0.996 | <0.001 | 1.549 | 5.520 |
B. Sitting | 0.999 | 0.998 | 0.997–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.998 | 0.996–0.999 | <0.001 | 1.541 | 3.595 |
C. Crawling and kneeling | 0.999 | 0.997 | 0.996–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.999 | 0.998–0.999 | <0.001 | 1.304 | 3.042 |
D. Standing | 0.998 | 0.994 | 0.991–0.995 | <0.001 | 0.998 | 0.996–0.999 | <0.001 | 1.677 | 3.912 |
E. Walking/running/ jumping | 0.999 | 0.997 | 0.996–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.999 | 0.998–0.999 | <0.001 | 1.216 | 4.339 |
GMFM-88 Total | 1.00 | 0.999 | 0.999–0.999 | <0.001 | 0.999 | 0.999–1.00 | <0.001 | 1.044 | 2.435 |
GMFM-66 Total | 0.998 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 0.994–0.998 | <0.001 | 1.471 | 3.431 |
GMFCS Level I | 0.964 | 0.942 | 0.881–0.972 | <0.001 | 0.931 | 0.814–0.975 | <0.001 | 0.756 | 1.736 |
GMFCS Level II | 0.997 | 0.988 | 0.976–0.994 | <0.001 | 0.995 | 0.980–0.999 | <0.001 | 0.481 | 1.122 |
GMFCS Level III | 0.983 | 0.995 | 0.989–0.997 | <0.001 | 0.966 | 0.780–0.995 | <0.001 | 1.076 | 2.510 |
GMFCS Level IV | 0.999 | 0.995 | 0.990–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.998 | 0.994–0.999 | <0.001 | 0.974 | 2.272 |
GMFCS Level V | 0.996 | 0.988 | 0.975–0.994 | <0.001 | 0.991 | 0.975–0.997 | <0.001 | 1.052 | 2.454 |
GMFM-88 Lying and Rolling | GMFM-88 Sitting | GMFM-88 Crawling and Kneeling | GMFM-88 Standing | GMFM-88 Walking/ Running/ Jumping | GMFM-88 Total | GMFM-66 Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMFCS | Spearman rho | −0.771 | −0.901 | −0.895 | −0.868 | −0.887 | −0.955 | −0.736 |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
n | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | |
PEDI Mobility | Spearman rho | 0.799 | 0.930 | 0.939 | 0.899 | 0.925 | 0.988 | 0.968 |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
n | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
GMFM-88 Lying and Rolling | GMFM-88 Sitting | GMFM-88 Crawling and Kneeling | GMFM-88 Standing | GMFM-88 Walking/Running/ Jumping | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMFM-88 Sitting | r | 0.853 | ||||
p | <0.01 | |||||
n | 150 | |||||
GMFM-88 Crawling and kneeling | r | 0.790 | 0.890 | |||
p | 0.001 | <0.01 | ||||
n | 150 | 150 | ||||
GMFM-88 Standing | r | 0.690 | 0.843 | 0.866 | ||
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||
n | 150 | 150 | 150 | |||
GMFM-88 Walking/running/ jumping | r | 0.729 | 0.864 | 0.889 | 0.931 | |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
n | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | ||
GMFM-88 Total | r | 0.817 | 0.937 | 0.951 | 0.904 | 0.934 |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
n | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
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Ataç, T.; Özal, C.; Kerem Günel, M. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-88&66) in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Children 2024, 11, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091076
Ataç T, Özal C, Kerem Günel M. Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-88&66) in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Children. 2024; 11(9):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091076
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtaç, Tuğçe, Cemil Özal, and Mintaze Kerem Günel. 2024. "Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-88&66) in Children with Cerebral Palsy" Children 11, no. 9: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091076