Comparison between Thai and Indian Adolescents’ Self-Figure Drawing as Child Abuse Art-Based Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Child Abuse in Thailand and India
1.2. Thai and Indian Cultures
1.3. Self-Figure Drawing for Child Abuse Detection
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.1.1. Demographic Sheet
2.1.2. Medical Somatic Dissociation Questionnaire (MSDQ)
2.1.3. Self-Figure Drawing
2.1.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences in Self-Report Questionnaires
4.2. Differences in Pictorial Indicators in Self-Figure Drawing
4.3. Similarities in Pictorial Indicators in Self-Figure Drawing
4.4. Correlation between MSDQ and Self-Figure Drawing for Total Sample
5. Limitations
6. Practical Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aspect | Thailand | India |
---|---|---|
Average monthly salary | 29,502 THB (800.97 USD) | 31,900 INR (383.68 USD) |
Monthly cost of living | 24,362 THB (661.42 USD) | 28,806.1 INR (346.47 USD) |
Fertility rate | 1.452 births per woman | 2.122 births per woman |
Average year of schooling | 9 | 7 |
Health care index | 77.17 | 65.36 |
Life expectancy | 77.92 | 70.62 |
Gini coefficient (economic inequality) | 0.35 (adequate) | 0.402 (high) |
Crime rate | 37.64 (low) | 46.34 (moderate) |
Aspect | Thai Culture | Indian Culture |
---|---|---|
Religion | Predominantly Buddhism, with influences of Hinduism and Animism | Predominantly Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, etc. |
Social structure | Emphasis on respect for elders and maintaining harmonious relationships; family is central to social life | Strong emphasis on family values and hierarchy; joint families are common |
Etiquette | Politeness and avoiding confrontation are valued; the wai (a slight bow with pressed palms) is a common greeting | Respect for elders is crucial; touching feet is a sign of respect; eating with hands is common |
Child rearing practices | Strong emphasis on respect for elders; children are taught to be obedient and respectful towards parents and authority figures. Parents typically have a close relationship with their children | Emphasis on respect for authority and elders; children are often raised within extended family structures. Parents often have a strong influence on career choices and marriage decisions |
Child abuse perspectives | Recognized as a problem, efforts to combat it are ongoing, but challenges remain in rural areas and among marginalized communities. The social stigma associated with child abuse but increasing efforts to address and prevent it; corporal punishment may also be used in certain contexts | Awareness is increasing, but still, issues of child labor, neglect, and abuse persist. Some challenges in reporting and addressing corporal punishment may be more common in some areas. |
Power differentials | Respect for authority and seniority; societal hierarchy is evident in interpersonal interactions | Hierarchical structure is prevalent, with deference to elders and authority figures |
Emotional expression | Emphasis on maintaining harmony and saving face; emotions may be expressed more subtly, with restraint in public settings. Direct expression of strong emotions, especially negative ones, may be avoided in favor of indirect communication | Expression of emotions varies by context and individual; stoicism may be valued, particularly in public settings; overt emotional displays may be seen as a sign of weakness |
Indicators | 4 Very Obvious | 3 Obvious | 2 Rather Obvious | 1 Not at All |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sexual abuse | ||||
Eyes (emphasized, shadowed, dots, or omitted) | The indicators are either clearly presented or absent. | The indicators are half partially or absent. | The indicators are somewhat presented or absent. | The indicators are not presented or absent. |
Arms and hands (emphasized, big, shadowed, or omitted) | ||||
Cheek/chin (double or emphasized) | ||||
Genital area (disconnected upper body from lower, shadowed, or omitted) | ||||
Physical abuse | ||||
Nose (emphasized, big, or shadowed) | ||||
Forehead (emphasized or shadowed) | ||||
Eyebrows (emphasized or shadowed) | ||||
Ears (double, emphasized, or shadowed) | ||||
Standing hair | ||||
Emotional abuse | ||||
Slanted figure | ||||
Tiny head | ||||
Omission of hands | ||||
Omission of legs and feet | ||||
Monster and grotesque figure | ||||
Disintegrated body | ||||
Arm and leg asymmetry | ||||
Omission of the neck | ||||
Tiny figure | ||||
Omission of eyes | ||||
Shading of the face | ||||
Feet being pressed together |
Variables | Thais | Indians |
---|---|---|
Age M(SD) | 14.8 (1.73) | 15.2 (1.64) |
Gender N (%) | ||
Female | 135 (69.9%) | 135 (69.9%) |
Male | 58 (30.1%) | 58 (30.1%) |
Traumatic events N (%) | ||
Car accident | 7 (3.6%) | 21 (10.9%) |
Physical assault | 33 (17.1%) | 17 (8.8%) |
Terror attack or war | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.6%) |
Hospitalization due to illness | 6 (3.1%) | 43 (22.3%) |
Sexual abuse | 26 (13.5%) | 26 (13.5%) |
Loss of family member | 5 (2.6%) | 114 (59.1%) |
Social exclusion | 5 (2.6%) | 15 (7.8%) |
Verbal or emotional abuse | 190 (98.4%) | 0 (0%) |
No event | 2 (1%) | 54 (28%) |
Other events | 0 (0%) | 10 (5.2% |
MSDQ Scales M(SD) | ||
Somatization | 13.76 (3.93) | 3.61 (3.12) |
Depression | 20.46 (5.63) | 6.54 (5.46) |
Dissociation | 20.06 (5.23) | 4.2 (4.12) |
MSDQ Total | 54.29 (12.76) | 14.35 (10.4) |
Variables | Thais | Indians |
---|---|---|
CPA Indicators M(SD) | ||
Nose | 1.4 (0.89) | 1.94 (1.003) |
Forehead | 1.05 (0.37) | 1.61 (0.70) |
Eyebrows | 1.35 (0.84) | 2.45 (1.07) |
Ears | 1.51 (1.06) | 1.64 (0.84) |
Hair | 1.89 (1.26) | 1.67 (0.89) |
PA Index | 7.22 (2.8) | 9.33 (2.35) |
CSA Indicators M(SD) | ||
Eyes | 3.17 (1.34) | 2.9 (1.04) |
Arms and hands | 1.78 (1.27) | 3.1 (1.05) |
Cheek or chin | 2.04 (1.22) | 2.2 (1.08) |
Genital area | 1.01 (0.14) | 2.5 (1.31) |
SA Index | 8.02 (2.31) | 10.6 (2.61) |
CEA Indicators M(SD) | ||
Slanted figure | 1.18 (0.57) | 1.78 (0.98) |
Tiny head | 1.77 (1.13) | 1.05 (0.29) |
Omitted hands or arms | 2.66 (1.43) | 2.13 (1.41) |
Omitted legs or feet | 2.22 (1.46) | 2.14 (1.42) |
Feet pressed | 1.47 (0.73) | 1.07 (0.34) |
Leg arm asymmetry | 1.4 (0.95) | 1.7 (0.89) |
Omitted eyes | 1.12 (0.6) | 1.19 (0.54) |
EA Index | 11.81 (2.72) | 11.06 (2.41) |
Variable | Thais N (%) | Indians N (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 135 (69.9%) | 135 (69.9%) | NS |
Male | 58 (30.1%) | 58 (30.1%) | NS |
Car accident | 7 (3.6%) | 21 (10.9%) | NS |
Physical assault | 33 (17.1%) | 17 (8.8%) | <0.05 |
Terror attack or war | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.6%) | NS |
Hospitalization due to illness | 6 (3.1%) | 43 (22.3%) | <0.001 |
Sexual abuse | 26 (13.5%) | 26 (13.5%) | NS |
Loss of family member | 5 (2.6%) | 114 (59.1%) | <0.001 |
Social exclusion | 5 (2.6%) | 15 (7.8%) | <0.05 |
Verbal or emotional abuse | 190 (98.4%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
No event | 2 (1%) | 54 (28%) | <0.001 |
Other events | 0 (0%) | 10 (5.2%) | 0.001 |
Variables | Nationality | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | India | 193 | 208.05 | 40,153.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 178.95 | 34,538.00 | |
Somatization | India | 193 | 101.66 | 19,621.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 285.34 | 55,070.00 | |
Depression | India | 193 | 105.94 | 20,446.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 281.06 | 54,245.00 | |
Dissociation | India | 193 | 99.85 | 19,270.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 287.15 | 55,420.50 | |
MSDQ Total | India | 193 | 99.41 | 19,187.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 287.59 | 55,504.00 |
Variables | Mann–Whitney U | Wilcoxon W | Z | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 15,817.000 | 34,538.000 | −2.618 | 0.009 |
Somatization | 900.000 | 19,621.000 | −16.199 | 0.000 * |
Depression | 1725.000 | 20,446.000 | −15.429 | 0.000 * |
Dissociation | 549.500 | 19,270.500 | −16.509 | 0.000 * |
MSDQ Total | 466.000 | 19,187.000 | −16.571 | 0.000 * |
Variables | Nationality | N | Mean Rank | Sum of Ranks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nose | India | 193 | 225.54 | 43,530.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 161.46 | 31,161.00 | |
Forehead | India | 193 | 239.32 | 46,189.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 147.68 | 28,502.00 | |
Eyebrows | India | 193 | 248.96 | 48,049.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 138.04 | 26,641.50 | |
Ears | India | 193 | 209.56 | 40,444.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 177.44 | 34,246.50 | |
Hair | India | 193 | 192.19 | 37,093.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 194.81 | 37,597.50 | |
PA Index | India | 193 | 242.50 | 46,803.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 144.50 | 27,888.00 | |
Eyes | India | 193 | 173.32 | 33,450.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 213.68 | 41,240.50 | |
Arms or hands | India | 193 | 244.55 | 47,198.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 142.45 | 27,493.00 | |
Cheek or chin | India | 193 | 201.70 | 38,928.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 185.30 | 35,763.00 | |
Genital area | India | 193 | 255.13 | 49,240.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 131.87 | 25,450.50 | |
SA Index | India | 193 | 244.34 | 47,158.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 142.66 | 27,533.00 | |
Slanted figure | India | 193 | 229.52 | 44,297.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 157.48 | 30,393.50 | |
Tiny head | India | 193 | 158.89 | 30,666.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 228.11 | 44,025.00 | |
Omitted hands or arms | India | 193 | 173.62 | 33,508.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 213.38 | 41,182.50 | |
Omitted legs or feet | India | 193 | 191.05 | 36,873.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 195.95 | 37,817.50 | |
Feet pressed | India | 193 | 163.21 | 31,499.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 223.79 | 43,191.50 | |
Leg or arm asymmetry | India | 193 | 216.96 | 41,874.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 170.04 | 32,817.00 | |
Omitted eyes | India | 193 | 201.02 | 38,797.50 |
Thailand | 193 | 185.98 | 35,893.50 | |
EA Index | India | 193 | 179.62 | 34,667.00 |
Thailand | 193 | 207.38 | 40,024.00 |
Variables | Mann–Whitney U | Wilcoxon W | Z | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nose | 12,440.000 | 31,161.000 | −6.493 | <0.001 |
Forehead | 9781.000 | 28,502.000 | −10.520 | <0.001 |
Eyebrows | 7920.500 | 26,641.500 | −10.654 | <0.001 |
Ears | 15,525.500 | 34,246.500 | −3.406 | 0.001 |
Hair | 18,372.500 | 37,093.500 | −0.258 | NS |
PA Index | 9167.000 | 27,888.000 | −8.725 | <0.001 |
Eyes | 14,729.500 | 33,450.500 | −3.924 | <0.001 |
Arms or hands | 8772.000 | 27,493.000 | −9.561 | <0.001 |
Cheek or chin | 17,042.000 | 35,763.000 | −1.524 | NS |
Genital area | 6729.500 | 25,450.500 | −13.128 | <0.001 |
SA Index | 8812.000 | 27,533.000 | −9.027 | <0.001 |
Slanted figure | 11,672.500 | 30,393.500 | −7.904 | <0.001 |
Tiny head | 11,945.000 | 30,666.000 | −8.656 | <0.001 |
Omitted hands or arms | 14,787.500 | 33,508.500 | −3.915 | <0.001 |
Omitted legs or feet | 18,152.500 | 36,873.500 | −0.500 | NS |
Feet pressed | 12,778.500 | 31,499.500 | −7.531 | <0.001 |
Leg or arm asymmetry | 14,096.000 | 32,817.000 | −5.054 | <0.001 |
Omitted eyes | 17,172.500 | 35,893.500 | −2.771 | 0.006 |
EA Index | 15,946.000 | 34,667.000 | −2.474 | 0.013 |
Variables | Age | CPA Index | Nose | Forehead | Eyebrows | Ears | Hair |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.000 | 0.273 ** | 0.168 ** | 0.175 ** | 0.203 ** | 0.149 ** | 0.087 |
Somatization | −0.071 | −0.330 ** | −0.299 ** | −0.434 ** | −0.488 ** | −0.018 | 0.014 |
Depression | 0.024 | −0.329 ** | −0.320 ** | −0.403 ** | −0.476 ** | 0.002 | 0.037 |
Dissociation | −0.106 * | −0.323 ** | −0.328 ** | −0.443 ** | −0.479 ** | −0.003 | 0.054 |
MSDQ Total | −0.042 | −0.333 ** | −0.323 ** | −0.439 ** | −0.498 ** | 0.004 | 0.040 |
Variables | Age | CSA Index | Eyes | Arms and Hands | Cheek or Chin | Genital Area |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.000 | 0.114 * | 0.020 | 0.040 | 0.156 ** | 0.112 * |
Somatization | −0.071 | −0.348 ** | 0.059 | −0.340 ** | −0.022 | −0.549 ** |
Depression | 0.024 | −0.319 ** | 0.085 | −0.292 ** | −0.031 | −0.509 ** |
Dissociation | −0.106 * | −0.316 ** | 0.094 | −0.331 ** | −0.012 | −0.508 ** |
MSDQ Total | −0.042 | −0.337 ** | 0.078 | −0.324 ** | −0.025 | −0.538 ** |
Variables | Age | Somatization | Depression | Dissociation | MSDQ Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1 | −0.071 | 0.024 | −0.106 * | −0.042 |
CEA | 0.047 | 0.105 * | 0.129 * | 0.141 ** | 0.126 * |
Slanted figure | −0.163 * | −0.122 | −0.111 | −0.034 | −0.126 |
Tiny head | 0.019 | −0.115 | −0.087 | 0.000 | −0.086 |
Omitted hands | 0.030 | −0.030 | 0.006 | 0.078 | 0.021 |
Omitted legs | 0.075 | −0.072 | 0.019 | 0.033 | 0.007 |
Arm or leg Asymmetry | −0.225 ** | −0.011 | −0.146 * | −0.078 | −0.114 |
Omitted neck | 0.037 | 0.046 | −0.028 | −0.076 | 0.002 |
Tiny figure | −0.055 | −0.144 * | −0.064 | −0.124 | −0.109 |
Omitted eyes | −0.084 | −0.033 | 0.078 | −0.036 | 0.009 |
Shading of face | −0.096 | 0.028 | 0.014 | 0.183 * | 0.056 |
Feet pressed | 0.017 | −0.113 | −0.001 | −0.004 | −0.031 |
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Jaroenkajornkij, N.; Girish, M.; Binson, B.; Lev-Wiesel, R. Comparison between Thai and Indian Adolescents’ Self-Figure Drawing as Child Abuse Art-Based Assessment. Children 2024, 11, 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091101
Jaroenkajornkij N, Girish M, Binson B, Lev-Wiesel R. Comparison between Thai and Indian Adolescents’ Self-Figure Drawing as Child Abuse Art-Based Assessment. Children. 2024; 11(9):1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091101
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaroenkajornkij, Nisara, Meghna Girish, Bussakorn Binson, and Rachel Lev-Wiesel. 2024. "Comparison between Thai and Indian Adolescents’ Self-Figure Drawing as Child Abuse Art-Based Assessment" Children 11, no. 9: 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091101