Infectious Diseases among Refugee Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evaluation and Screening for Priority Infectious Diseases
2.1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV)
2.2. Tuberculosis
2.3. Syphilis
2.4. Hepatitis A
2.5. Hepatitis B
2.6. Hepatitis C
2.7. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
2.8. Intestinal and Tissue Parasites
2.9. Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
2.10. Malaria
2.11. Other Infections
3. Prevention
Vaccination Strategies
4. Knowledge Gaps, Research Agenda, and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2018 | 2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Country of Birth | No (%) | Country of Birth | No (%) |
Dem. Rep. Congo | 7878 (35.0) | Dem. Rep. Congo | 9377 (17.5) |
Burma | 3555 (15.8) | Iraq | 6886 (12.8) |
Ukraine | 2635 (11.7) | Syria | 6557 (12.2) |
Bhutan | 2228 (9.9) | Somalia | 6130 (11.4) |
Eritrea | 1269 (5.6) | Burma | 5078 (9.5) |
Afghanistan | 805 (3.6) | Ukraine | 4264 (7.9) |
El Salvador | 725 (3.2) | Bhutan | 3550 (6.6) |
Pakistan | 441 (2.0) | Iran | 2577 (4.8) |
Russia | 437 (1.9) | Eritrea | 1917 (3.6) |
Ethiopia | 376 (1.7) | Afghanistan | 1311 (2.4) |
Health Issue | |
---|---|
Growth and Development Issues |
|
Learning Difficulties |
|
Vision and Hearing Impairments |
|
Oral Health |
|
Vaccinations |
|
Nutritional Disorders |
|
Mental Health |
|
Toxin Exposure |
|
Infectious Diseases |
|
Disease | Screening Test | Comments |
---|---|---|
HIV | Serology (HIV 1 and 2) | Virologic tests (HIV DNA or RNA PCR) for children up to 18 months of age |
Hepatitis A | Serology | |
Hepatitis B | Serology | |
Hepatitis C | Serology | |
Syphilis | Serology | Nontreponemal tests (e.g., RPR, VDRL, or ART) Treponemal tests (e.g., MHA-TP, FTA-ABS, CIA, or TPPA) |
Tuberculosis | TST or IGRA £ Chest X-ray * |
|
Intestinal Parasites | Stool examination | Three specimens on separate days with requests for Cryptosporidium and Giardia species testing |
Tissue Parasites: | ||
Schistosomiasis spp., Strongyloides spp., Toxocara canis Lymphatic filariasis € | Serologic testing | Screening for tissue parasites suggested in children with eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count >450 cells/mm3) and negative stool ova and parasite examination |
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) |
|
Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health (CCIRH) |
|
lefts for Disease Control (CDC) |
|
International Organization for Migration (IOM) |
|
Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) |
|
Refugee Health Technical Assistance left (RHTAC) |
|
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) |
|
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR) |
|
World Health Organization (WHO) |
|
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Shetty, A.K. Infectious Diseases among Refugee Children. Children 2019, 6, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6120129
Shetty AK. Infectious Diseases among Refugee Children. Children. 2019; 6(12):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6120129
Chicago/Turabian StyleShetty, Avinash K. 2019. "Infectious Diseases among Refugee Children" Children 6, no. 12: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6120129