The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Examination of Common Method Bias
3.2. PA, Exercise Self-Efficacy and Social Support in Male and Female Adolescents
3.3. Associations Among PA, Exercise Self-Efficacy and Social Support
3.4. The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy
4. Discussion
4.1. PA, Social Support and Exercise Self-Efficacy
4.2. The Influence of Social Support and Exercise Self-Efficacy on Adolescent PA
4.3. The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy
Limitations and Strengths of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Qi, F.; Kong, Z.; Xiao, T.; Leong, K.; Zschorlich, V.R.; Zou, L. Effects of Combined Training on Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Measures among Boys Aged 8 to 12 Years in the Physical Education Setting. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zou, L.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, L.; Loprinzi, P.D.; Yeung, A.S.; Kong, J.; Chen, K.W.; Song, W.; Xiao, T.; Li, H. Are Mindful Exercises Safe and Beneficial for Treating Chronic Lower Back Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zou, L.; Loprinzi, P.; Yeung, A.; Zeng, N.; Huang, T. The beneficial effects of mind-body exercises for people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2019, 100, 1556–1573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bell, S.L.; Audrey, S.; Gunnell, D.; Cooper, A.; Campbell, R. The relationship between physical activity, mental well-being and symptoms of mental health disorder in adolescents: A cohort study. IJBNPA 2019, 16, 138. [Google Scholar]
- Hallal, P.C.; Andersen, L.B.; Bull, F.C. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012, 380, 247–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Chen, P.; Zhuang, J. A national survey of physical activity and sedentary behavior of Chinese city children and youth using accelerometers. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2013, 84 (Suppl. 2), S12–S28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Cao, Z.B. Physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tu, R.; Li, Y.; Shen, L.; Yuan, H.; Mao, Z.; Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, R.; Wang, Y.; Wang, C. The prevalence and influencing factors of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the rural population in China: The Henan Rural Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e029590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, X.; Zhu, Z.; Zhuang, J.; Liu, Y.; Tang, Y.; Chen, P.J.; Cao, Z.B. Gender and age difference in the association between living arrange and physical activity levels among youth aged 9-19 years in Shanghai, China: A cross-sectional Questionnaire study. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spence, J.C.; Lee, R.E. Toward a comprehensive model of physical activity. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2003, 4, 7–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Craggs, C.; Corder, K.; Sluijs, E.M. Determinants of Change in Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 40, 645–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- John, F.; Kihlstrom, M.; Harackiewicz, J. An Evolutionary Milestone in the Psychology of Personality. Psychol. Inq. 1990, 1, 86–92. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, J.; Chen, K.M.; Ji, L. The influence mechanism of exercise time on youth sports commitment-mediating effect of exercise satisfaction and social support. J. Shanghai Univ. Phys. Educ. 2014, 4, 38–49. [Google Scholar]
- Cleland, V.; Venn, A.; Fryer, J. Parental exercise is associated with Australian children’s extracurricular sports participation and cardiorespiratory fitness: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2005, 2, 3–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Trost, S.G.; Sallis, J.F.; Pate, R.R. Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2003, 25, 277–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, K.A.; Tergerson, J.L.; Wilson, B.R. Effect of social support on adolescents’ perceptions of and engagement in physical activity. J. Phys. Act. Health 2008, 5, 374–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ornelas, I.J.; Perreira, K.M.; Ayala, G.X. Parental influences on adolescent physical activity: A longitudinal study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2007, 4, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davison, K.K.; Jago, R. Change in parent and peer support across ages 9 to 15 yr and adolescent girls’ physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41, 1816–1825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trost, S.G.; Loprinzi, P.D. Parental Influences on Physical Activity Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Brief Review. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2011, 5, 171–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maturo, C.C.; Cunningham, S.A. Influence of friends on children’s physical activity: A review. Am. J. Public Health 2013, 103, E23–E38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, L.; Chen, B.; Zou, L.; Tian, Z. An investigation of motivational differences for participants in Chinese martial arts. Asia Pac. J. Sport Soc. Sci. 2016, 4, 53–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bo, S.; Centeio, E.; Garn, A. Parental social support, perceived competence and enjoyment in school physical activity. J. Sport Health Sci. 2016, 7, 98–104. [Google Scholar]
- Fitzgerald, A.; Fitzgerald, N.; Aherne, C. Do peers matter? A review of peer and/or friends’ influence on physical activity among American adolescents. J. Adolesc. 2012, 35, 941–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pearce, M.; Page, A.S.; Griffin, T.P. Who children spend time with after school: Associations with objectively recorded indoor and outdoor physical activity. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2014, 11, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, H.; Sun, H.; Dai, J. Peer Support and Adolescents’ Physical Activity: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Enjoyment. J. Pediatric Psychol. 2017, 42, 569–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, E.Y.; Faulkner, G.; Qian, W. Longitudinal associations of parental and peer influences with physical activity during adolescence: Findings from the COMPASS study. Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. Res. Policy Pract. 2016, 36, 235–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 1977, 1, 139–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamilton, K.; Warner, L.M.; Schwarzer, R. The Role of Self-Efficacy and Friend Support on Adolescent Vigorous Physical Activity. Health Educ. Behav. 2017, 44, 175–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, L.; Cheng, S.; Lu, J. Self-Efficacy Manipulation Influences Physical Activity Enjoyment in Chinese Adolescents. Pediatric Exerc. Sci. 2016, 28, 143–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voskuil, V.R.; Robbins, L.B. Youth physical activity self-efficacy: A concept analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 2015, 71, 2002–2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ha, S.A.; Lee, S.Y.; Kim, K.A. Eating habits, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy by obesity status in upper-grade elementary school students. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2016, 10, 597–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reverdito, R.S.; Carvalho, H.M.; Galatti, L.R. Effects of Youth Participation in Extra-Curricular Sport Programs on Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Multilevel Analysis. Percept. Mot. Ski. 2017, 124, 569–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, D.; Young, S.J. Investigating the effects of behavioral change, social support, and self-efficacy in physical activity in a collectivistic culture: Application of Stages of Motivational Readiness for Change in Korean young adults. Prev. Med. Rep. 2018, 10, 204–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, S.J. Relationship between social support, self-efficacy and adolescents’ satisfaction with physical exercise. J. Wuhan Univ. Phys. Educ. 2016, 50, 90–94. [Google Scholar]
- Bani-Issa, W.; Dennis, C.L.; Brown, H.K. The Influence of Parents and Schools on Adolescents’ Perceived Diet and Exercise Self-Efficacy: A School-Based Sample From the United Arab Emirates. J. Transcult Nurs. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.; Zhang, Y. An extended version of the theory of planned behaviour: The role of self-efficacy and past behaviour in predicting the physical activity of Chinese adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 587–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalski, K.C.; Crocker, P.R.E.; Kowalski, N.P. Convergent Validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Pediatric Exerc. Sci. 1997, 9, 342–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.T. A study on the revision, reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the youth physical activity questionnaire (paq-a). J. Beijing Sport Univ. 2015, 38, 63–67. [Google Scholar]
- Marcus, B.H.; Selby, V.C.; Niaura, R.S. Self-Efficacy and the Stages of Exercise Behavior Change. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 1992, 63, 60–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z. Association between motivation and exercise self-efficacy among college students. Master’s Thesis, Gannan Normal University, Jiangxi, China, July 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, S.X. Theoretical basis and research application of social support rating scale. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1994, 98–100. [Google Scholar]
- Podsakoff, P.M.; Mackenzie, s.b.; Lee, J.Y.; Podsakoff, N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 2003, 88, 879–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Application stage of change exercise behavior among Iranian adolescents. East. Mediter. Health J. 2009, 15, 785–795.
- Shennar-Golan, V.; Walter, O. Physical Activity Intensity Among Adolescents and Association With Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Well-Being. Am. J. Men’s Health 2018, 12, 1530–1540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, H.; Dai, J. Does Gender Moderate the Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Different Sources of Social Support and Adolescents’ Physical Activity? J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, 874–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loh, V.H.Y.; Veitch, J.; Salmon, J. Built environment and physical activity among adolescents: The moderating effects of neighborhood safety and social support. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2019, 16, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shah, P.; Southerland, J.L.; Slawson, D.L. Social Support for Physical Activity for High Schoolers in Rural Southern Appalachia. South Med. J. 2019, 112, 626–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvatore, A.L.; Noonan, C.J.; Williams, M.B.; Wetherill, M.S.; Jacob, T.; Cannady, T.K.; Standridge, J.; Grammar, M.; Fox, J.; Wiley, A.; et al. Social Support and Physical Activity Among American Indians in Oklahoma: Results From a Community-based Participatory Research Study. J. Rural Health 2019, 35, 374–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schroeder, K.; Kubik, M.Y.; Lee, J.; Fulkerson, J.A. Self-Efficacy, Not Peer or Parent Support, Is Associated With More Physical Activity and Less Sedentary Time Among 8- to 12-Year-Old Youth With Elevated Body Mass Index. J. Phys. Act. Health 2019, 17, 74–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rachmah, Q.; Setyaningtyas, S.W.; Rifqi, M.A.; Indriani, D.; Nindya, T.S.; Megatsari, H.; Mahmudiono, T.; Kriengsinyos, W. Self-efficacy to Engage in Physical Activity and Overcome Barriers, Sedentary Behavior, and Their Relation to Body Mass Index Among Elderly Indonesians With Diabetes. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2019, 52, 242–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alert, M.D.; Saab, P.G.; Llabre, M.M. Are Self-Efficacy and Weight Perception Associated With Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Hispanic Adolescents? Health Educ. Behav. 2019, 46, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wing, E.K.; Bélanger, M.; Brunet, J. Linking Parental Influences and Youth Participation in Physical Activity In- and Out-of-school: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy and Enjoyment. Am. J. Health Behav. 2016, 40, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verloigne, M.; Cardon, G.; De-Craemer, M. Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy, Benefits and Barriers on the Association between Peer and Parental Factors and Physical Activity among Adolescent Girls with a Lower Educational Level. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e157216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Outcome | Overall (N = 2341) | Males (n = 1178) | Females (n = 1163) | t Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
PA level | 2.27 ± 0.75 | 2.42 ± 0.77 | 2.12 ± 0.70 | 9.97 *** |
Exercise self-efficacy | 2.92 ± 0.81 | 2.97 ± 0.84 | 2.86 ± 0.77 | 3.35 ** |
Social support | 36.86 ± 6.85 | 36.17 ± 6.97 | 36.12 ± 6.74 | 0.17 |
PA Level | Exercise Self-Efficacy | Social Support | |
---|---|---|---|
Overall | |||
PA level | 1 | ||
Exercise self-efficacy | 0.43 *** | 1 | |
Social support | 0.29 *** | 0.27 *** | 1 |
Males | |||
PA level | 1 | ||
Exercise self-efficacy | 0.44 *** | 1 | |
Social support | 0.31 *** | 0.26 *** | 1 |
Females | |||
PA level | 1 | ||
Exercise self-efficacy | 0.40 *** | 1 | |
Social support | 0.30 *** | 0.29 *** | 1 |
Variable | B | SE | β | T | F | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise self-efficacy | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 19.37 *** | 509.99 | 0.23 |
Social support | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.20 | 10.66 *** | 113.64 | 0.27 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ren, Z.; Hu, L.; Yu, J.J.; Yu, Q.; Chen, S.; Ma, Y.; Lin, J.; Yang, L.; Li, X.; Zou, L. The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy. Children 2020, 7, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7030023
Ren Z, Hu L, Yu JJ, Yu Q, Chen S, Ma Y, Lin J, Yang L, Li X, Zou L. The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy. Children. 2020; 7(3):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7030023
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Zhanbing, Linlin Hu, Jane Jie Yu, Qian Yu, Sitong Chen, Yudan Ma, Jingyuan Lin, Lin Yang, Xiaoyun Li, and Liye Zou. 2020. "The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy" Children 7, no. 3: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7030023