The Impact of Formal School Entry on Children’s Social Relationships with Parents, Siblings, and Friends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Biological and Medical Variables at Birth or Neonatal
2.3.2. Social Variables at Birth
2.3.3. Perceived Social Relationship Qualities at 6 and 8 Years of Age
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Preliminary Analyses—Effects of Child Sex, Family SES, and GA on Valence Scores at 6 and 8 Years of Age
3.3. Stability and Change in Valence Scores from Preschool to Early School Age
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | M or n | SD or % |
---|---|---|
Child sex, female | 554 | (49.9%) |
GA at birth, weeks | 36.89 | (3.75) |
Born preterm (<37 weeks GA) | 405 | (36.5%) |
Birth weight, grams | 2727.35 | (906.40) |
Born with VLBW (<1500 g) | 149 | (13.4%) |
Multiple births | 88 | (7.9%) |
Neonatal risk a | ||
None | 294 | (26.5%) |
Low risk | 211 | (19.0%) |
Moderate risk | 224 | (20.2%) |
High risk | 224 | (20.2%) |
Very high risk | 155 | (14.0%) |
Family SES at birth | ||
High | 374 | (33.7%) |
Middle | 409 | (36.8%) |
Low | 327 | (29.5%) |
Family status at birth, living together a | 1043 | (94.7%) |
Place of residence at birth a | ||
Urban areas | 359 | (32.4%) |
Rural areas | 750 | (67.6%) |
Child age at 6-year assessment, years | 6.21 | (0.23) |
Child age at 8-year assessment, years | 8.34 | (0.22) |
School entry status at 6 years, in school | 85 | (7.7%) |
Model | Pillai’s Trace | F | df | pa | ηp2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age on social relationship quality with mothers | 0.28 | 47.73 | 9, 1101 | <0.001 | 0.28 |
Age on social relationship quality with fathers | 0.14 | 19.47 | 9, 1101 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
Age on social relationship quality with siblings | 0.27 | 46.14 | 9, 1101 | <0.001 | 0.27 |
Age on social relationship quality with friends | 0.21 | 32.57 | 9, 1101 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
Predictors at 6 Years | R2 | F | B | β | t | BCa 95% CI a for B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | ||||||
Care | 0.03 | 5.10 *** | 0.12 | 0.14 | 4.70 ** | [0.07, 0.18] |
Comfort | 0.06 | 11.17 *** | 0.19 | 0.20 | 6.90 ** | [0.14, 0.25] |
Bad Conscience/Trust | 0.05 | 9.03 *** | 0.25 | 0.21 | 7.11 ** | [0.18, 0.32] |
Cuddling | 0.07 | 14.05 *** | 0.25 | 0.25 | 8.37 ** | [0.19, 0.31] |
Affection | 0.04 | 6.92 *** | 0.20 | 0.18 | 6.12 ** | [0.14, 0.27] |
Conflicts b | 0.01 | 2.21 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 2.33 | [0.01, 0.14] |
Fun/Fooling Around | 0.02 | 3.11 * | 0.08 | 0.09 | 2.87 * | [0.02, 0.14] |
Playing | 0.02 | 3.48 * | 0.10 | 0.11 | 3.82 * | [0.04, 0.16] |
Prosocial Behavior | 0.01 | 2.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 2.84 | [0.00, 0.12] |
Father | ||||||
Care | 0.03 | 6.40 *** | 0.13 | 0.16 | 5.38 ** | [0.08, 0.18] |
Comfort | 0.05 | 9.36 *** | 0.17 | 0.19 | 6.34 ** | [0.12, 0.23] |
Bad Conscience/Trust | 0.08 | 15.18 *** | 0.30 | 0.26 | 8.87 ** | [0.24, 0.37] |
Cuddling | 0.07 | 14.55 *** | 0.22 | 0.21 | 7.04 ** | [0.16, 0.28] |
Affection | 0.04 | 8.17 *** | 0.19 | 0.17 | 5.71 ** | [0.12, 0.26] |
Conflicts b | 0.03 | 6.05 *** | 0.16 | 0.15 | 5.15 ** | [0.09, 0.23] |
Fun/Fooling Around | 0.02 | 3.25 * | 0.11 | 0.11 | 3.60 ** | [0.05, 0.17] |
Playing | 0.02 | 2.83 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 3.61 | [0.05, 0.17] |
Prosocial Behavior | 0.01 | 2.60 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 3.51 | [0.02, 0.16] |
Siblings | ||||||
Care | 0.05 | 9.91 *** | 0.22 | 0.20 | 6.81 ** | [0.15, 0.29] |
Comfort | 0.05 | 8.70 *** | 0.21 | 0.18 | 6.15 ** | [0.14, 0.28] |
Bad Conscience/Trust | 0.02 | 4.26 ** | 0.14 | 0.15 | 4.92 ** | [0.07, 0.21] |
Cuddling | 0.03 | 5.10 *** | 0.17 | 0.15 | 5.12 ** | [0.10, 0.24] |
Affection | 0.08 | 16.89 *** | 0.29 | 0.27 | 9.47 ** | [0.22, 0.35] |
Conflicts b | 0.08 | 16.78 *** | 0.27 | 0.27 | 9.23 ** | [0.21, 0.33] |
Fun/Fooling Around | 0.02 | 3.70 * | 0.10 | 0.10 | 3.34 * | [0.04, 0.17] |
Playing | 0.06 | 12.53 *** | 0.27 | 0.23 | 7.94 ** | [0.20, 0.35] |
Prosocial Behavior | 0.06 | 10.79 *** | 0.24 | 0.20 | 6.91 ** | [0.16, 0.32] |
Friends | ||||||
Care | 0.03 | 5.27 *** | 0.16 | 0.15 | 4.99 ** | [0.09, 0.22] |
Comfort | 0.02 | 3.29 * | 0.10 | 0.11 | 3.63 * | [0.04, 0.16] |
Bad Conscience/Trust | 0.01 | 2.10 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 2.22 | [0.00, 0.10] |
Cuddling | 0.01 | 1.87 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 2.28 | [0.00, 0.10] |
Affection | 0.03 | 4.75 ** | 0.12 | 0.13 | 4.27 ** | [0.06, 0.17] |
Conflicts b | 0.02 | 4.44 ** | 0.13 | 0.13 | 4.39 ** | [0.07, 0.19] |
Fun/Fooling Around | 0.05 | 8.84 *** | 0.14 | 0.14 | 4.85 ** | [0.08, 0.20] |
Playing | 0.04 | 6.78 *** | 0.16 | 0.15 | 5.01 ** | [0.09, 0.22] |
Prosocial Behavior | 0.03 | 6.60 *** | 0.15 | 0.15 | 5.03 ** | [0.09, 0.20] |
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Heuser-Spura, K.M.; Jaekel, J.; Wolke, D. The Impact of Formal School Entry on Children’s Social Relationships with Parents, Siblings, and Friends. Children 2021, 8, 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100891
Heuser-Spura KM, Jaekel J, Wolke D. The Impact of Formal School Entry on Children’s Social Relationships with Parents, Siblings, and Friends. Children. 2021; 8(10):891. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100891
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeuser-Spura, Katharina M., Julia Jaekel, and Dieter Wolke. 2021. "The Impact of Formal School Entry on Children’s Social Relationships with Parents, Siblings, and Friends" Children 8, no. 10: 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100891