A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Attachment and Sleep
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Information Resources and Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria, Information Resources and Search Strategy
2.3. Data Extraction and Items
3. Results
3.1. General Description of the Studies: Theoretical Perspectives
3.2. General Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Participants
3.3. Study Designs
3.4. Empirical Processes on Sleep and Attachment Measures
3.5. Sleep and Attachment Measures across Studies
3.6. Associations between Attachment and Parameters of Sleep
3.7. Associations between Atachment and Sleep Problems
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Reference | Participants | Design |
---|---|---|---|
#1 | Bélanger, Bernier, Simard, Bordeleau, & Carrier (2015) [70] | N = 62 (30 girls); mostly Caucasian; Medium-High SES | Longitudinal |
#2 | Bernier, Bélanger, Tarabulsy, Simard, & Carrier (2014) [71] | N = 63 (27 girls); mostly Caucasian; Medium-High SES; intact families. | Longitudinal |
#3 | Pennestri et al. (2015) [72] | N = 134 (71 girls); mostly Caucasian; Medium-High SES | Longitudinal |
#4 | Simard, Bernier, Bélanger, & Carrier (2013) [73] | N = 55 (25 girls); mostly Caucasian; Medium-High SES; intact families | Longitudinal |
#5 | Troxel, Trentacosta, Forbes, & Campbell (2013) [74] | N = 776 (393 girls); mostly Caucasian; Parental education 14 years average | Longitudinal |
#6 | Vaughn et al. (2011) [75] | N = 39 (12 girls); 36% from ethnic minorities, mostly AA | Cross-sectional |
#7 | Weinraub et al. (2012) [76] | N = 1215. Maternal education 14.3 years average; 13.3% single mothers; 31% low income families | Longitudinal |
ID | N | Attachment Variables and Instruments | Age at Sleep Assessment | Measures | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep Quantity | Sleep Quality | Sleep Problems | ||||
#1 | 62 | Attachment Q-Sort (AQS): security and independence | (15 m), 24 m | Actigraphy, sleep diary: sleep minutes at night and over the 24-h period | Actigraphy: sleep efficiency | - |
#2 | 63 | AQS: security | (12 m), 24 m | Actigraphy, sleep diary: night-time sleep duration and proportion of night time sleep to total sleep | - | - |
#3 | 134 | Preschool Separation-Reunion Procedure: attachment classification (secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized) | (6 m, 12 m), 24 m, 36 m | Adaptation of Self-Administered Questionnaire for the Mother: bedtime, wake time, sleep latency, nocturnal sleep duration, longest period of uninterrupted sleep | Adaptation of SAQM: nr of night wakings | Adaptation of SAQM |
#4 | 55 | Strange Situation Procedure (SSP): proximity seeking, contact maintenance, avoidance, resistance | 24 m | Actigraphy, sleep diary: sleep duration at night, wake duration at night | Actigraphy: nr of nocturnal awakenings | - |
#5 | 776 | AQS: security | 24 m, 36 m | - | - | Sleep problems subscale of the CBCL |
#6 | 39 | Attachment Story Completion Task (SSP): coherence and security | 4-5 y | Actigraphy: sleep duration, total sleep minutes, longest wake episode, sleep latency | Actigraphy: wakings after sleep onset, sleep activity mean, overall activity index, sleep efficiency | |
#7 | 1215 | SSP: security; attachment classification; Separation distress | (6 m, 15 m), 24 m, 36 m | Maternal interview: night wakings in the previous week | Sleep problems subscale from CBCL |
ID | Reference | Main Findings |
---|---|---|
#1 | Bélanger, Bernier, Simard, Bordeleau, & Carrier (2015) [70] | Positive associations between security and: sleep minutes at night and sleep efficiency. Negative associations between dependency and sleep minutes at night. |
#2 | Bernier, Bélanger, Tarabulsy, Simard, & Carrier (2014) [71] | Attachment security was unrelated to night-time sleep duration and to proportion of night-time sleep to total sleep.Insecure attachment was related to night-wakings. |
#3 | Pennestri et al. (2015) [72] | Disorganized attachment associated with a shorter duration of nocturnal sleep than secure or ambivalent attachment; more night awakenings; shorter periods of uninterrupted sleep. |
#4 | Simard, Bernier, Bélanger, & Carrier (2013) [73] | Ambivalent attachment associated with more minutes awake at night as perceived by their mothers, but not according to actigraphy records. |
#5 | Troxel, Trentacosta, Forbes, & Campbell (2013) [74] | Secure attachment correlated with fewer sleep problems. No evidence was found for a statistically significant direct path between attachment security and toddler sleep problems at 36 months. Significant direct relations were found between attachment security and sleep problems, but only among children characterized with high negative emotionality at 6 months. |
#6 | Vaughn et al. (2011) [75] | Attachment was positively associated with sleep duration, Total sleep minutes and sleep efficiency; negatively associated with variables reflecting poor sleep quality (number of sleep episodes, sleep activity index, wake minutes after sleep onset). |
#7 | Weinraub et al. (2012) [76] | Infant-mother attachment was not related to sleep problems. |
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Perpétuo, C.; Diniz, E.; Veríssimo, M. A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age. Children 2021, 8, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100895
Perpétuo C, Diniz E, Veríssimo M. A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age. Children. 2021; 8(10):895. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100895
Chicago/Turabian StylePerpétuo, Catarina, Eva Diniz, and Manuela Veríssimo. 2021. "A Systematic Review on Attachment and Sleep at Preschool Age" Children 8, no. 10: 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100895