Obesity and Metabolic Care of Children of South Asian Ethnicity in Western Society
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Literature Review
3.1. BMI and BFP in SA Children Compared to Caucasian Children
3.1.1. Validity of BMI in Evaluating Body Adiposity in SA
3.1.2. Alternate Tools to Replace BMI to Predict Adiposity
3.1.3. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in SA Children in Western Countries and the Impact of Using BMI Adjustments
3.1.4. Differences in Adipose Tissue Distribution in Children of SA Ethnicity
3.2. Unique Phenotype and Trends in Fat Accumulation in Children of SA Ethnicity
3.3. Variation in Risks of Metabolic Syndrome between Children of SA vs. Caucasian Ethnicity
3.3.1. Visceral Adiposity and Lean-NAFLD in SAs
3.3.2. Ethnic Differences in Systemic Inflammation
3.3.3. Ethnic Differences in Insulin Resistance
3.3.4. Ethnic Differences in Lipid Profile
3.3.5. Ethnic Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular disorders
3.3.6. Ethnic Differences in Sleep Apnea
4. Discussion
4.1. Poor outcomes in Adult Life: Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risks in SAs
4.2. Importance of Developing Ethnicity Sensitive Screening Tools
4.3. Recommendations to Tackle Childhood Obesity in Those of SA Ethnicity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Study Cohort | Findings | Body Fat Measurement Technique |
---|---|---|---|
Ramuth H et al. [9] | Mauritius: school children (200 boys and 177 girls, aged 7–13 years) of two main ethnic groups: Indian (SA) and Creole |
| Isotopic deuterium dilution |
Hudda M T et al. [11] | United Kingdom: based on the 2012–2013 National Child Measurement Program data in 582,899 children aged 4–5 years and 485,362 children aged 10–11 years |
| Adjustments derived using deuterium dilution |
Toftemo I et al. [13] | Norway children aged 4–5 years (n = 570) drawn from the population-based STORK Groruddalen cohort |
| Adjustments derived using deuterium dilution |
Buksh MJ et al. [14] | Multi-ethnic cohort of 300 New Zealand children less than 2 years of age |
| Body Impedence Analysis |
References | Outcome | Findings |
---|---|---|
Modi N et al. [25] | Differences in adiposity amongst healthy SA versus Caucasian neonates as assessed by MRI |
|
Lakshmi S et al. [26] | Comparing SFT |
|
Khadgawat Ret al. [27] | Trends in weight gain in children of Indian ethnicity |
|
Ehtisham S et al. [15] | Ethnic differences in body proportions specific to SAs |
|
Leary S et al., Yajnik CS et al. [28,29] | Thin-fat phenotype |
|
References | Findings in SAs |
---|---|
Insulin Resistance | |
Whincup PH et al. [54] |
|
Yajnik C S et al. [55] |
|
Ehtisham S et al. [15] |
|
Sletner L et al. [36] |
|
Lipid Abnormalities | |
Vuksan V et al. [56] |
|
Cardiovascular Outcomes | |
Gupta R et al. [58,59,60,61] |
|
Tillin T et al. [60] |
|
Chahal NS et al. [61] |
|
Suggestions for Clinicians | |
---|---|
Clinical clues |
Pediatric providers must hold a high index of suspicion in SA children with overweight and obesity for:
|
Diet |
Family-based dietary interventions, especially those that have migrated to western countries:
|
Physical Activity |
Pediatricians must be cognizant of the role of ethnicity in compliance to exercise recommendations amongst children.
|
Areas for Future Research |
---|
|
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Sivasubramanian, R.; Malhotra, S.; Fitch, A.K.; Singhal, V. Obesity and Metabolic Care of Children of South Asian Ethnicity in Western Society. Children 2021, 8, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060447
Sivasubramanian R, Malhotra S, Fitch AK, Singhal V. Obesity and Metabolic Care of Children of South Asian Ethnicity in Western Society. Children. 2021; 8(6):447. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060447
Chicago/Turabian StyleSivasubramanian, Ramya, Sonali Malhotra, Angela K. Fitch, and Vibha Singhal. 2021. "Obesity and Metabolic Care of Children of South Asian Ethnicity in Western Society" Children 8, no. 6: 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060447