Monitoring Public Perception of Health Risks in Brazil and Italy: Cross-Cultural Research on the Risk Perception of Choking in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
Data Collection Instrument
2.2. Adults without Health Education Survey
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Multiple Correspondence Analysis
2.3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3. Results
MCA Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | Brazil | Italy | Combined | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 172) | (N = 742) | (N = 914) | |||
Gender: Female | 902 | 159 (92%) | 575 (79%) | 734 (81%) | <0.001 |
Male | 13 (8%) | 155 (21%) | 168 (19%) | ||
Age | 904 | 32.0 (25.0–39.0) | 42.0 (37.0–49.0) | 41.0 (34.0–48.0) | <0.001 |
Job: Housewife | 807 | 19 (11%) | 62 (10%) | 81 (10%) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 17 (10%) | 31 (5%) | 48 (6%) | ||
Teacher/Office Worker | 24 (14%) | 221 (35%) | 245 (30%) | ||
Self-employed | 60 (35%) | 29 (5%) | 89 (11%) | ||
Manager | 2 (1%) | 172 (27%) | 174 (22%) | ||
Manual laborer | 38 (22%) | 63 (10%) | 101 (13%) | ||
Retired | 2 (1%) | 24 (4%) | 26 (3%) | ||
Student | 10 (6%) | 33 (5%) | 43 (5%) | ||
Number of children: 0 | 887 | 1 (1%) | 103 (14%) | 104 (12%) | <0.001 |
1–2 | 105 (61%) | 529 (74%) | 634 (71%) | ||
3–4 | 56 (33%) | 83 (12%) | 139 (16%) | ||
>4 | 10 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (1%) | ||
Education: Higher education | 895 | 104 (60%) | 371 (51%) | 475 (53%) | <0.001 |
Primary education | 58 (34%) | 56 (8%) | 114 (13%) | ||
Post-secondary education | 10 (6%) | 296 (41%) | 306 (34%) | ||
Hazardous items for children < 1 year (first response): Batteries | 894 | 5 (3%) | 144 (20%) | 149 (17%) | <0.001 |
Candies | 4 (2%) | 129 (18%) | 133 (15%) | ||
Coins | 51 (30%) | 34 (5%) | 85 (10%) | ||
Hotdog | 3 (2%) | 31 (4%) | 34 (4%) | ||
Jewelry | 56 (33%) | 135 (19%) | 191 (21%) | ||
Nuts | 1 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 10 (1%) | ||
Popcorn | 18 (10%) | 62 (9%) | 80 (9%) | ||
Seeds | 15 (9%) | 4 (1%) | 19 (2%) | ||
Stationery | 4 (2%) | 12 (2%) | 16 (2%) | ||
Toys | 15 (9%) | 162 (22%) | 177 (20%) | ||
Hazardous items for children < 1 year (second response): Batteries | 677 | 1 (5%) | 33 (5%) | 34 (5%) | 0.069 |
Candies | 1 (5%) | 126 (19%) | 127 (19%) | ||
Coins | 9 (45%) | 219 (33%) | 228 (34%) | ||
Hotdog | 0 (0%) | 11 (2%) | 11 (2%) | ||
Jewelry | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Nuts | 0 (0%) | 70 (11%) | 70 (10%) | ||
Popcorn | 1 (5%) | 20 (3%) | 21 (3%) | ||
Seeds | 7 (35%) | 77 (12%) | 84 (12%) | ||
Stationery | 0 (0%) | 29 (4%) | 29 (4%) | ||
Toys | 1 (5%) | 72 (11%) | 73 (11%) | ||
Hazardous items for children aged 1–2 years (first response): Batteries | 888 | 7 (4%) | 167 (23%) | 174 (20%) | <0.001 |
Candies | 11 (6%) | 119 (17%) | 130 (15%) | ||
Coins | 54 (31%) | 22 (3%) | 76 (9%) | ||
Hotdog | 2 (1%) | 51 (7%) | 53 (6%) | ||
Jewelry | 33 (19%) | 68 (9%) | 101 (11%) | ||
Nuts | 3 (2%) | 9 (1%) | 12 (1%) | ||
Popcorn | 11 (6%) | 74 (10%) | 85 (10%) | ||
Seeds | 4 (2%) | 3 (0%) | 7 (1%) | ||
Stationery | 10 (6%) | 30 (4%) | 40 (5%) | ||
Toys | 37 (22%) | 173 (24%) | 210 (24%) | ||
Hazardous items for children aged 1–2 years (second response): Batteries | 677 | 2 (10%) | 20 (3%) | 22 (3%) | <0.001 |
Candies | 2 (10%) | 190 (29%) | 192 (28%) | ||
Coins | 6 (29%) | 193 (29%) | 199 (29%) | ||
Hotdog | 0 (0%) | 26 (4%) | 26 (4%) | ||
Jewelry | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Nuts | 1 (5%) | 85 (13%) | 86 (13%) | ||
Popcorn | 3 (14%) | 13 (2%) | 16 (2%) | ||
Seeds | 5 (24%) | 27 (4%) | 32 (5%) | ||
Stationery | 1 (5%) | 34 (5%) | 35 (5%) | ||
Toys | 1 (5%) | 68 (10%) | 69 (10%) | ||
Hazardous items for children aged 3–6 years (first response): Batteries | 886 | 15 (9%) | 167 (23%) | 182 (21%) | <0.001 |
Candies | 22 (13%) | 119 (17%) | 141 (16%) | ||
Coins | 30 (18%) | 22 (3%) | 52 (6%) | ||
Hotdog | 8 (5%) | 51 (7%) | 59 (7%) | ||
Jewelry | 12 (7%) | 68 (9%) | 80 (9%) | ||
Nuts | 4 (2%) | 9 (1%) | 13 (1%) | ||
Popcorn | 9 (5%) | 74 (10%) | 83 (9%) | ||
Seeds | 7 (4%) | 3 (0%) | 10 (1%) | ||
Stationery | 21 (12%) | 30 (4%) | 51 (6%) | ||
Toys | 42 (25%) | 173 (24%) | 215 (24%) | ||
Hazardous items for children aged 3–6 years (second response): Batteries | 676 | 1 (5%) | 20 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 0.01 |
Candies | 2 (10%) | 190 (29%) | 192 (28%) | ||
Coins | 8 (40%) | 193 (29%) | 201 (30%) | ||
Hotdog | 1 (5%) | 26 (4%) | 27 (4%) | ||
Jewelry | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Nuts | 0 (0%) | 85 (13%) | 85 (13%) | ||
Popcorn | 0 (0%) | 13 (2%) | 13 (2%) | ||
Seeds | 4 (20%) | 27 (4%) | 31 (5%) | ||
Stationery | 3 (15%) | 34 (5%) | 37 (5%) | ||
Toys | 1 (5%) | 68 (10%) | 69 (10%) | ||
Have any children in your household ever experienced risk of choking?: No | 840 | 134 (78%) | 462 (69%) | 596 (71%) | 0.024 |
Yes | 38 (22%) | 206 (31%) | 244 (29%) | ||
What object caused the accident?: Food | 222 | 10 (26%) | 149 (81%) | 159 (72%) | <0.001 |
Non-Food | 28 (74%) | 35 (19%) | 63 (28%) | ||
Involving risk of death: No | 480 | 26 (68%) | 391 (88%) | 417 (87%) | 0.001 |
Yes | 12 (32%) | 51 (12%) | 63 (13%) |
Categories | Professional−Educational Status and Perception of Risk (Dim 1) | Factors Affecting Risk Perception in Children <1 Year (Dim 2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Contributions | Test Value | Contributions | Test Value | |
Gender: Female | 0.23 | 2.67 | 0.23 | −2.01 |
Male | 1.03 | −2.67 | 1.02 | 2.01 |
Job: Housewife | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.4 | −1.19 |
Unemployed | 0.48 | 1.7 | 0.18 | −0.78 |
Teacher/Office Worker | 1.64 | −3.65 | 0.03 | −0.34 |
Self-employed | 5.4 | 5.85 | 0.08 | −0.53 |
Manager | 1.98 | −3.78 | 0.28 | 1.07 |
Manual laborer | 1.36 | 2.96 | 0.26 | −0.98 |
Retired | 0.08 | −0.69 | 0.83 | 1.66 |
Student | 0.01 | −0.22 | 1.22 | 2.04 |
Number of children: 0 | 1.13 | −2.68 | 2.93 | 3.27 |
1–3 | 0.24 | −2.17 | 0.28 | −1.79 |
3–4 | 2.25 | 3.87 | 0.04 | −0.39 |
>4 | 2.99 | 4.13 | 0.27 | −0.94 |
Education: Higher education | 0 | −0.1 | 0.08 | 0.75 |
Primary education | 6.18 | 6.32 | 0.16 | −0.76 |
Post-secondary education | 2.19 | −4.33 | 0.01 | −0.26 |
Hazardous items for children < 1 year (first response): Batteries | 1.93 | −3.62 | 3.45 | −3.65 |
Candies | 0.99 | −2.56 | 2.08 | 2.8 |
Coins | 3.65 | 4.77 | 0.15 | −0.72 |
Hotdog | 0.09 | −0.74 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
Jewelry | 1.45 | 3.22 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
Nuts | 0.07 | −0.65 | 0.53 | 1.31 |
Popcorn | 0.26 | 1.26 | 0.15 | −0.72 |
Seeds | 3.53 | 4.51 | 0.02 | 0.28 |
Stationery | 0.15 | 0.93 | 0.35 | 1.07 |
Toys | 1.72 | −3.48 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
Hazardous items for children < 1 year (second response): Batteries | 3.08 | −4.65 | 8.39 | −5.8 |
Candies | 0.11 | −0.85 | 0.52 | 1.4 |
Coins | 9.61 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.04 |
Hotdog | 0.56 | −1.83 | 16.56 | −7.53 |
Jewelry | 1.37 | 2.95 | 0.05 | 0.41 |
Nuts | 0.01 | −0.21 | 2.63 | 2.93 |
Popcorn | 0.58 | −1.9 | 10.16 | 6.02 |
Seeds | 1.57 | 2.99 | 0.1 | −0.58 |
Stationery | 0.8 | 2.17 | 0.12 | −0.63 |
Toys | 0.31 | −1.51 | 3.03 | 3.58 |
Hazardous items for children aged 1–2 years (first response): Batteries | 2.16 | −3.92 | 8.55 | −5.89 |
Candies | 0 | 0.09 | 0.47 | 1.34 |
Coins | 5.36 | 5.67 | 0.12 | 0.64 |
Hotdog | 0.3 | −1.35 | 16.52 | −7.55 |
Jewelry | 0.22 | 1.17 | 0.11 | 0.64 |
Nuts | 0 | 0.04 | 2.73 | 2.99 |
Popcorn | 0.7 | −2.09 | 9.75 | 5.89 |
Seeds | 1.77 | 3.17 | 0.09 | −0.53 |
Stationery | 2.07 | 3.51 | 0.13 | −0.68 |
Toys | 0.08 | −0.77 | 3.18 | 3.68 |
Have any children in your household ever experienced risk of choking?: no | 0 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 2.16 |
yes | 0 | −0.18 | 1.03 | −2.16 |
What object caused the accident?: Food | 0.14 | −1.68 | 0 | 0.07 |
Non-Food | 0.36 | 1.68 | 0 | −0.07 |
Involving risk of death: No | 0.02 | −0.99 | 0.01 | 0.61 |
Yes | 0.15 | 0.99 | 0.1 | −0.61 |
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Hochdorn, A.; Oliveira, A.; Lorenzoni, G.; Francavilla, A.; Baldas, S.; Berchialla, P.; Oliveira, A.; Alves, V.P.; Gregori, D.; Azzolina, D. Monitoring Public Perception of Health Risks in Brazil and Italy: Cross-Cultural Research on the Risk Perception of Choking in Children. Children 2021, 8, 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070541
Hochdorn A, Oliveira A, Lorenzoni G, Francavilla A, Baldas S, Berchialla P, Oliveira A, Alves VP, Gregori D, Azzolina D. Monitoring Public Perception of Health Risks in Brazil and Italy: Cross-Cultural Research on the Risk Perception of Choking in Children. Children. 2021; 8(7):541. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070541
Chicago/Turabian StyleHochdorn, Alexander, Alexia Oliveira, Giulia Lorenzoni, Andrea Francavilla, Solidea Baldas, Paola Berchialla, Alessandra Oliveira, Vicente Paulo Alves, Dario Gregori, and Danila Azzolina. 2021. "Monitoring Public Perception of Health Risks in Brazil and Italy: Cross-Cultural Research on the Risk Perception of Choking in Children" Children 8, no. 7: 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070541