Dietary Patterns, Weight Perception and Obesity Status, among 10–12-Year-Old Children; an Epidemiological Study in Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Setting
2.2. Bioethics
2.3. Sample and Sampling Procedures
2.4. Statistical Power Analysis
2.5. Measurements
2.6. Children’s Weight Status Categorization
2.7. Assessment of Dietary Patterns
2.8. Assessment of Weight Perception
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
3.2. Weight Status Perception and Its Determinants
3.3. Dietary Pattern Analysis
3.4. Dietary Habits, Dietary Patterns, and Self-Perceived Agreement with Actual Weight Status
3.5. Dietary Patterns and Children’s Overweight/Obesity Status by Self-Perceived Agreement with Actual Weight Status
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children’s Characteristics | Overall (n = 1700) | Normal Weight ** (n = 1233) | Overweight and Obese ** (n = 467) | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 11.21 (0.79) | 11.23 (0.79) | 11.15 (0.78) | 0.058 |
Gender (boys/girls) | ||||
Boys | 781 (45.9%) | 528 (42.8%) | 253 (54.2%) | <0.001 |
Girls | 919 (54.1%) | 705 (57.2%) | 214 (45.8%) | |
Physical activity (yes) | 1243 (73.1%) | 923 (80.8%) | 320 (73.1%) | <0.001 |
Children’s dietary habits (times/week), mean (SD) | ||||
Dairy | 3.76 (1.65) | 3.77 (1.65) | 3.73 (1.65) | 0.623 |
Soft drinks and Concentrated juices | 1.24 (1.56) | 1.19 (1.46) | 1.36 (1.80) | 0.079 |
Fish | 0.67 (0.87) | 0.67 (0.84) | 0.66 (0.95) | 0.862 |
Meat and products | 1.60 (1.27) | 1.57 (1.24) | 1.68 (1.35) | 0.102 |
Legumes | 1.83 (1.68) | 1.84 (1.66) | 1.82 (1.75) | 0.812 |
Starchy | 1.64 (1.09) | 1.62 (1.05) | 1.67 (1.16) | 0.421 |
Ultra-processed food | 1.41 (1.63) | 1.36 (1.57) | 1.54 (1.77) | 0.050 |
Vegetables | 2.06 (1.54) | 2.06 (1.50) | 2.07 (1.65) | 0.839 |
Natural juices | 3.71 (2.69) | 3.79 (2.69) | 3.50 (2.69) | 0.050 |
Fruits | 2.66 (1.69) | 2.67 (1.67) | 2.63 (1.75) | 0.740 |
Bread | 2.17 (1.67) | 2.20 (1.69) | 2.10 (1.64) | 0.325 |
Actual Body Weight Status (IOTF) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight | Normal | Overweight/Obese | % Agreement | |||
All children | Self-perceived body weight | Low weight | 77 (55.4%) | 344 (33.8%) | 126 (29.4%) | 52.5% |
Normal | 61 (43.9%) | 609 (59.9%) | 157 (36.6%) | |||
Overweight/Obese | 1 (0.7%) | 64 (6.3%) | 146 (34.0%) | |||
Boys | Low weight | 29 (50.9%) | 160 (36.9%) | 69 (30.4%) | 50.3% | |
Normal | 28 (49.1%) | 255 (58.8%) | 81 (35.7%) | |||
Overweight/Obese | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (4.4%) | 77 (33.9%) | |||
Girls | Low weight | 48 (58.5%) | 184 (31.6%) | 57 (28.2%) | 54.3% | |
Normal | 33 (40.2%) | 354 (60.7%) | 76 (37.6%) | |||
Overweight/Obese | 1 (1.2%) | 45 (7.7%) | 69 (34.2%) |
Underestimation (n = 627) | Accuracy (n = 832) | Overestimation (n = 126) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s dietary habits (times/week), mean (SD) | ||||
Dairy | 3.93 (1.66) * | 3.71 (1.61) | 3.60 (1.82) | 0.025 |
Soft drinks and Concentrated juices | 1.24 (1.44) | 1.25 (1.66) | 1.14 (1.25) | 0.762 |
Fish | 0.74 (0.97) | 0.62 (0.81) | 0.64 (0.65) | 0.116 |
Meat and products | 1.67 (1.32) * | 1.52 (1.18) | 1.81 (1.45) * | 0.014 |
Legumes | 1.88 (1.70) | 1.75 (1.61) | 2.13 (1.97) * | 0.047 |
Starchy | 1.69 (1.13) | 1.60 (1.08) | 1.65 (0.89) | 0.353 |
Ultra-processed food | 1.38 (1.54) | 1.42 (1.67) | 1.33 (1.56) | 0.776 |
Vegetables | 2.12 (1.62) | 1.99 (1.46) | 2.10 (1.47) | 0.307 |
Natural juices | 3.75 (2.71) | 3.70 (2.68) | 3.69 (2.73) | 0.944 |
Fruits | 2.56 (1.66) | 2.70 (1.71) | 2.91 (1.73) | 0.216 |
Bread | 2.17 (1.69) | 2.16 (1.68) | 2.14 (1.55) | 0.982 |
Children’s dietary patterns, mean factor score (SD) | ||||
Starchy and protein food | 0.06 (1.05) * | −0.07 (0.94) | 0.12 (0.94) * | 0.013 |
Unhealthy/high-fat foods | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (1.06) | −0.08 (0.81) | 0.621 |
Healthy foods | 0.04 (0.98) | −0.01 (1.01) | −0.05 (1.05) | 0.483 |
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Kanellopoulou, A.; Kosti, R.I.; Notara, V.; Antonogeorgos, G.; Rojas-Gil, A.P.; Kornilaki, E.N.; Lagiou, A.; Yannakoulia, M.; Panagiotakos, D.B. Dietary Patterns, Weight Perception and Obesity Status, among 10–12-Year-Old Children; an Epidemiological Study in Greece. Children 2021, 8, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080626
Kanellopoulou A, Kosti RI, Notara V, Antonogeorgos G, Rojas-Gil AP, Kornilaki EN, Lagiou A, Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos DB. Dietary Patterns, Weight Perception and Obesity Status, among 10–12-Year-Old Children; an Epidemiological Study in Greece. Children. 2021; 8(8):626. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080626
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanellopoulou, Aikaterini, Rena I. Kosti, Venetia Notara, George Antonogeorgos, Andrea Paola Rojas-Gil, Ekaterina N. Kornilaki, Areti Lagiou, Mary Yannakoulia, and Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos. 2021. "Dietary Patterns, Weight Perception and Obesity Status, among 10–12-Year-Old Children; an Epidemiological Study in Greece" Children 8, no. 8: 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080626