The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking and Alcohol Experiences in Adolescents from Low-Income Households
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Metabolic Syndrome
2.3. Hand Grip Strength
2.4. Household Income and Health Behaviors
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants
3.2. MetS Prevalence According to Risk Factors, Household Income, HGS and Health Behaviors
3.3. MetS Odds Ratio According to Household Income, HGS and Health Behaviors
3.4. Relationship between Smoking and Alcohol Experience, and MetS Risk Factors
3.5. Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Odds Ratios according to Household Income
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boys (n = 1235) | Girls (n = 1087) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 15.4 ± 1.7 | 15.5 ± 1.7 | 0.359 |
Height, cm | 171.2 ± 7.0 | 160.5 ± 5.5 | <0.001 * |
Weight, kg | 64.8 ± 13.9 | 55.1 ± 10.6 | <0.001 * |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22 ± 4.1 | 21.3 ± 3.7 | <0.001 * |
Boys | Girls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-MetS | MetS | p | Non-MetS | MetS | p | |
n (%) | 1126 (91.2%) | 109 (8.8%) | 1032 (94.9%) | 55 (5.1%) | ||
Age, years | 15.4 ± 1.8 | 15.5 ± 1.7 | 0.603 | 15.4 ± 1.7 | 15.7 ± 1.8 | 0.226 |
Height, cm | 171.0 ± 7.0 | 173.7 ± 6.5 | <0.001 * | 160.5 ± 5.4 | 162.2 ± 6.5 | 0.023 |
Weight, kg | 62.9 ± 12.1 | 85.6 ± 13.3 | <0.001 * | 54.0 ± 9.2 | 74.0 ± 15.4 | <0.001 * |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.4 ± 3.6 | 28.3 ± 3.8 | <0.001 * | 21.0 ± 3.2 | 28.1 ± 5.5 | <0.001 * |
MetS risk factors | ||||||
Waist circumference, cm | 73.8 ± 9.5 | 92.9 ± 9.5 | <0.001 * | 68.6 ± 7.3 | 85.2 ± 12.2 | <0.001 * |
SBP, mmHg | 111.2 ± 9.1 | 124.8 ± 8.9 | <0.001 * | 105.3 ± 8.3 | 117.6 ± 10.5 | <0.001 * |
DBP, mmHg | 67.3 ± 8.6 | 76.3 ± 9.6 | <0.001 * | 66.8 ± 7.5 | 75.9 ± 7.8 | <0.001 * |
TG, mg/dL | 81.3 ± 47.4 | 152.8 ± 67.4 | <0.001 * | 80.5 ± 39.3 | 153.9 ± 62.3 | <0.001 * |
Glucose, mg/dL | 92.1 ± 7.3 | 96.5 ± 18.4 | 0.015 * | 89.2 ± 6.8 | 97 ± 12.7 | <0.001 * |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.0 ± 9.0 | 39.7 ± 6.4 | <0.001 * | 53.9 ± 9.8 | 43.1 ± 8.3 | <0.001 * |
Family income, Korean Won | 493.9 ± 293.8 | 523 ± 316.9 | 0.328 | 506.9 ± 308.5 | 426.6 ± 273.1 | 0.039 * |
Grip strength, kg/BW, % | 53.8 ± 11.2 | 42.7 ± 10.2 | <0.001 * | 41.9 ± 8.2 | 33.5 ± 8.7 | <0.001 * |
Nutrition education, Yes, % | 21.9 | 17.5 | 0.318 | 24.2 | 14.6 | 0.028 * |
Smoking experience, Yes, % | 18.1 | 16.5 | 0.674 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 0.563 |
Alcohol experience, Yes, % | 36.9 | 36.7 | 0.968 | 29.4 | 30.9 | 0.806 |
Boys | Girls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Family income | ||||||
G1 | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
G2 | 0.774 | 0.401–1.493 | 0.445 | 2.585 | 0.926–7.216 | 0.070 |
G3 | 0.911 | 0.410–2.025 | 0.819 | 2.833 | 0.994–8.074 | 0.051 |
G4 | 1.025 | 0.579–1.812 | 0.933 | 3.590 | 1.257–10.253 | 0.017 * |
G5 | 1.450 | 1.030–2.933 | 0.041 * | 4.050 | 1.326–12.369 | 0.014 * |
Grip strength | ||||||
G1 | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
G2 | 3.466 | 1.115–7.769 | 0.032 | 0.787 | 0.209–2.965 | 0.724 |
G3 | 8.568 | 2.972–14.699 | <0.001 * | 2.227 | 0.762–6.504 | 0.143 |
G4 | 9.622 | 4.345–18.901 | <0.001 * | 7.792 | 3.002–13.223 | <0.001 * |
Nutrition education | ||||||
Yes | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
No | 1.543 | 0.667–3.573 | 0.311 | 1.668 | 1.036–2.974 | 0.043 * |
Smoking experience | ||||||
No | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
Yes | 1.035 | 0.519–2.067 | 0.922 | 1.135 | 0.302–4.264 | 0.851 |
Alcohol experience | ||||||
No | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
Yes | 1.184 | 0.710–1.974 | 0.518 | 1.029 | 0.501–2.113 | 0.938 |
Non-Smoking | Smoking | p | Non-Alcohol | Alcohol | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | ||||||
Waist circumference, cm | 75.2 ± 10.8 | 76.7 ± 11.3 | 0.043 * | 74.7 ± 10.7 | 76.8 ± 11.2 | 0.001 * |
SBP, mmHg | 112.1 ± 9.7 | 114.4 ± 10.5 | 0.041 * | 111.8 ± 9.8 | 113.3 ± 10 | 0.012 * |
DBP, mmHg | 67.7 ± 9.1 | 70.1 ± 8.7 | <0.001 * | 67.1 ± 9.2 | 69.9 ± 8.7 | 0.001 * |
TG, mg/dL | 87.3 ± 54.5 | 87.6 ± 46.5 | 0.943 | 85.7 ± 50.3 | 90.3 ± 57.5 | 0.043 * |
Glucose, mg/dL | 92.6 ± 7.4 | 92.3 ± 14.0 | 0.640 | 92.8 ± 7.6 | 92.0 ± 11.0 | 0.134 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 49.0 ± 9.2 | 49.5 ± 9.8 | 0.465 | 49.1 ± 9.1 | 49.0 ± 9.5 | 0.836 |
Girls | ||||||
Waist circumference, cm | 69.4 ± 8.4 | 70.1 ± 9.3 | 0.528 | 69.1 ± 8.3 | 70.4 ± 8.8 | 0.022 * |
SBP, mmHg | 106.0 ± 8.9 | 105.1 ± 8.2 | 0.340 | 106.0 ± 8.9 | 105.9 ± 8.9 | 0.818 |
DBP, mmHg | 67.1 ± 7.9 | 69.4 ± 6.6 | 0.010 * | 67.0 ± 7.9 | 67.7 ± 7.5 | 0.235 |
TG, mg/dL | 84.4 ± 43.8 | 83.5 ± 44.6 | 0.856 | 84.0 ± 41.1 | 85.2 ± 49.8 | 0.669 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 89.7 ± 7.5 | 88.5 ± 6.0 | 0.098 | 89.8 ± 7.5 | 89.1 ± 7.1 | 0.112 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.4 ± 9.9 | 53.0 ± 10.6 | 0.767 | 53.5 ± 10.0 | 53.1 ± 10.0 | 0.602 |
Smoking Experience | Alcohol Experience | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
boys | ||||||
G1 (highest) | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
G2 | 0.758 | 0.494–1.163 | 0.204 | 0.837 | 0.601–1.165 | 0.292 |
G3 | 0.692 | 0.438–1.094 | 0.115 | 0.776 | 0.547–1.101 | 0.155 |
G4 | 1.147 | 0.745–1.766 | 0.533 | 1.134 | 0.926–1.671 | 0.854 |
G5 (lowest) | 1.807 | 1.097–2.976 | 0.020 * | 1.351 | 1.073–2.090 | 0.017 * |
Girls | ||||||
G1 (highest) | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
G2 | 0.697 | 0.326–1.488 | 0.350 | 1.068 | 0.693–1.646 | 0.765 |
G3 | 1.008 | 0.483–2.103 | 0.983 | 1.399 | 0.898–2.179 | 0.138 |
G4 | 1.466 | 0.652–3.299 | 0.355 | 2.111 | 1.326–3.360 | 0.002 * |
G5 (lowest) | 2.337 | 1.202–4.541 | 0.012 * | 2.365 | 1.406–3.979 | 0.001 * |
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Choi, M.; Han, J.; Kim, Y.; Chung, J. The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking and Alcohol Experiences in Adolescents from Low-Income Households. Children 2021, 8, 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090812
Choi M, Han J, Kim Y, Chung J. The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking and Alcohol Experiences in Adolescents from Low-Income Households. Children. 2021; 8(9):812. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090812
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Moonyoung, Joungkyue Han, Yonghwan Kim, and Jinwook Chung. 2021. "The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking and Alcohol Experiences in Adolescents from Low-Income Households" Children 8, no. 9: 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090812