The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. The Questionnaire Method of Data Collection
2.3. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phthalate Metabolites from Urine Spots
2.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Maternal Hormonal Concentrations from Blood Serum Spots
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Biomonitoring of Phthalate Metabolites
3.3. Analyses of Hormones
3.4. Associations between Phthalates, Hormones, and Perceived Stress
4. Discussion
4.1. Associations between Phthalate Exposure and Hormonal Concentrations
4.2. Joined Effect of Phthalate Exposure and Perceived Psychosocial Stress on Hormonal Concentrations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (±SD) | % (n) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 30.80 ± 4.97 | ||
BMI (nmiss = 2) | 23.05 ± 4.07 | ||
Week of pregnancy | 10.46 ± 1.80 | ||
PSS score | 15.20 ± 4.82 | ||
PSS score category | Lower score (≤19 points) | 83.30% (n = 75) | |
Higher score (≥20 points) | 16.70% (n = 15) | ||
Education (nmiss = 1) | High school | 38.20% (n = 34) | |
College/university | 61.80% (n = 55) | ||
Living area | Rural | 54.40% (n = 48) | |
Urban | 45.60% (n = 40) | ||
Number of previous pregnancies | 0 | 50.00% (n = 45) | |
1 | 28.90% (n = 26) | ||
2 | 14.40% (n = 13) | ||
≥3 | 6.70% (n = 6) | ||
Active smoking | Smoker | 5.60% (n = 5) | |
Former smoker | 28.90% (n = 26) | ||
Non-smoker | 65.60% (n = 59) | ||
Passive smoking (nmiss = 1) | Yes | 20.22% (n = 18) | |
No | 79.78% (n = 71) |
Compound Name | % ≥LOQ | MIN | MED | MAX | MEAN | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMP | 30.68 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 26.21 | 3.01 | 4.09 |
MEP | 94.32 | ≤LOQ | 20.90 | 629.28 | 55.78 | 95.12 |
MiBP | 92.05 | ≤LOQ | 14.04 | 420.07 | 24.85 | 47.88 |
MnBP | 90.91 | ≤LOQ | 17.17 | 415.45 | 27.40 | 48.09 |
OH-MiBP | 77.27 | ≤LOQ | 1.89 | 38.61 | 3.06 | 4.61 |
OH-MnBP | 94.32 | ≤LOQ | 6.94 | 132.97 | 10.34 | 16.19 |
MnPeP | 0.00 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 0.00 |
MCHP | 0.00 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 0.00 |
MBzP | 52.27 | ≤LOQ | 1.17 | 28.72 | 1.84 | 3.43 |
OH-MEHP | 86.36 | ≤LOQ | 4.02 | 43.20 | 6.09 | 6.74 |
oxo-MEHP | 85.23 | ≤LOQ | 3.30 | 25.73 | 4.95 | 4.99 |
cx-MEPP | 96.59 | ≤LOQ | 5.74 | 53.07 | 8.60 | 8.69 |
MiNP | 0.00 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 0.00 |
OH-MiNP | 82.95 | ≤LOQ | 4.16 | 82.25 | 8.32 | 12.39 |
oxo-MiNP | 29.55 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 63.41 | 1.96 | 6.70 |
cx-MiNP | 78.41 | ≤LOQ | 2.03 | 151.04 | 4.60 | 16.10 |
MnOP | 0.00 | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | ≤LOQ | 0.00 |
ΣDiBP | - | 0.01 | 0.09 | 2.45 | 0.16 | 0.28 |
ΣDnBP | - | 0.01 | 0.11 | 2.03 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
ΣDEHP | - | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
ΣDiNP | - | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
ΣLMWP | - | 0.04 | 0.41 | 3.40 | 0.63 | 0.68 |
ΣHMWP | - | 0.01 | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
Compound Name | Units | MIN | MED | MAX | MEAN | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSH | mIU/mL | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
LH | mIU/mL | 0.09 | 0.93 | 2.12 | 0.94 | 0.36 |
Estradiol | pg/mL | 851.00 | 3079.00 | 20,800.00 | 4007.12 | 3280.26 |
Testosterone | ng/mL | 0.16 | 0.68 | 1.51 | 0.74 | 0.29 |
TSH | μIU/mL | 0.03 | 1.44 | 3.90 | 1.66 | 0.94 |
FT3 | pg/mL | 0.99 | 3.30 | 10.40 | 5.25 | 1.03 |
FT4 | ng/mL | 0.08 | 0.82 | 3.82 | 1.68 | 0.54 |
Cortisol | μg/mL | 0.85 | 17.53 | 198.00 | 84.99 | 25.26 |
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Hlisníková, H.; Nagyová, M.; Kolena, B.; Mlynček, M.; Trnovec, T.; Petrovičová, I. The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children 2022, 9, 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101561
Hlisníková H, Nagyová M, Kolena B, Mlynček M, Trnovec T, Petrovičová I. The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children. 2022; 9(10):1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101561
Chicago/Turabian StyleHlisníková, Henrieta, Miroslava Nagyová, Branislav Kolena, Miloš Mlynček, Tomáš Trnovec, and Ida Petrovičová. 2022. "The Joint Effect of Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Phthalate Exposure on Hormonal Concentrations during the Early Stage of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study" Children 9, no. 10: 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101561