Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children’s Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Questions on early-life exposure (attending day care, breastfeeding, pertussis vaccination, smoking during pregnancy and parasite infestations);
- Exposure that influences the microbiome (dog and cat exposure in the first year of life and during the last 12 months);
- Exposure to the indoor environment (mould and dampness in the first year of life and during the last 12 months, using feather pillows during the last 12 months and the frequency of hamburger consumption during the last 12 months).
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Current Prevalence of Allergic Symptoms and Comparison with the Year 2002
3.3. Skin Sensitivity to Common Aeroallergens
3.4. Environmental Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Allergic Conditions | |
---|---|
Wheezing ever-in-a-lifetime | Has your child ever had wheezing in his life? |
Current asthma * | Has your child had wheezing during the last 12 months in the absence of a cold? |
Self-reported diagnosed asthma | Has your child ever had asthma? |
AR symptoms ever-in-a-lifetime | Has your child ever had a runny nose in the absence of a cold? |
Current AR * | Has your child had a runny nose without a cold during last 12 months? |
Self-reported diagnosed AR | Has your child ever had allergic rhinitis? |
AD symptoms ever-in-a-lifetime | Has your child ever had an itchy rash which was coming and going for at least six months? |
Current AD * | Has your child had an itchy rash which was coming and going during last 12 months? |
Self-reported diagnosed AD | Has your child ever had atopic dermatitis? |
Family History and Environmental Exposure | |
---|---|
Mother’s asthma | 20 (4.4%) |
Mother’s AR | 87 (19.2%) |
Mother’s AD | 49 (10.2%) |
Father’s asthma | 25 (5.5%) |
Father’s AR | 69 (15.2%) |
Father’s AD | 28 (6.2%) |
Attending day care | 425 (95.5%) |
Breastfeeding | 414 (91.8%) |
Pertussis vaccination | 449 (100%) |
Parasite infestations | 17 (3.8%) |
Dog in the 1st year | 42 (9.3%) |
Dog during the last 12 months | 97 (21.4%) |
Cat in the 1st year | 31 (6.8%) |
Cat during the last 12 months | 43 (9.5%) |
Tobacco smoke during pregnancy | 139 (30.6%) |
Home dampness in the 1st year | 230 (50.7%) |
Home dampness during the last 12 months | 302 (66.5%) |
Mould in the 1st year | 36 (7.9%) |
Mould during the last 12 months | 40 (8.8%) |
Feather pillows the last 12 months | 113 (24.9%) |
Hamburger consumption | |
Never | 343 (75.5%) |
<once/week | 65 (14%) |
1–2x/week | 40 (8.8%) |
3–6x/week | 3 (0.6%) |
Once/day | 3 (0.6%) |
Wheezing Ever-in-a-Lifetime | Wheezing during the Last 12 Months | Diagnosed Asthma | AR Ever-in-a-Lifetime | AR during Last 12 Months | Diagnosed AR | AD Ever-in-a-Lifetime | AD during the Last 12 Months | Diagnosed AD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s asthma | OR 1.612 95% CI 0.448–5.803, p = 0.465 | OR 1.555, 95% CI 0.041–32.482, p = 0.933 | OR 8.909, 95% CI 0.698–113. 636, p = 0.092 | OR 1.657, 95% CI 0.507–5.418 p = 0.404 | OR 1.488, 95% CI 0.102–21.621, p = 0.771 | OR 2.769 95% CI 0.519–14,772 p = 0.233 | OR 0.637, 95% CI 0.178–2.283, p = 0.489 | OR 0.415, 95% CI 0.079–2.170, p = 0.297 | OR 1.152, 95% CI 0.347–3.824, p = 0.817 |
Mother’s AR | OR 2.813, 95% CI 1.608–4.921, p = 0.001 | OR 4.167, 95% CI 1.284–13.527, p = 0.018 | OR 3.082, 95% CI 1.178–8.065, p = 0.022 | OR 1.689, 95% CI 1.018–2.803 p = 0.043 | OR 2.354, 95% CI 0.860–6.438 p = 0.095 | OR 2.371 95% CI 1.257–4.473 p = 0.008 | OR 0.941, 95% CI 0.545–1.624, p = 0.827 | OR 1.068, 95% CI 0.493–2.314 p = 0.868 | OR 1.327, 95% CI 0.775–2.273, p = 0.303 |
Mother’s AD | OR 1.250, 95% CI 0.530–2.947, p = 0.610 | OR 0.483, 95% CI 0.038–6.211, p = 0.577 | OR 0.105, 95% CI 0.010–1.107, p = 0.061 | OR 0.987, 95% CI 0.461–2.112 p = 0.973 | OR 1.323, 95% CI 0.262–6.692 p = 0.735 | OR 0.418 95% CI 0.118–1.481 p = 0.177 | OR 5.124, 95% CI 2.199–11.943, p = 0.001 | OR 1.922, 95% CI 0.749–4.93, p = 0.174 | OR 2.752, 95% CI 1.275–5.943, p = 0.010 |
Father’s asthma | OR 2.372, 95% CI 0.890–6.327, p = 0.084 | OR 0.516, 95% CI 0.053–5.069, p = 0.570 | OR 2.128, 95% CI 0.506–8.950. p = 0.303 | OR 1.559, 95% CI 0.645–3.767 p = 0.324 | OR 1.433, 95% CI 0.250–8.223 p = 0.686 | OR 1.744 95% CI 0.572–5.315 p = 0.328 | OR 2.516, 95% CI 0.976–6.485 p = 0.056 | OR 0.748, 95% CI 0.205–2.734, p = 0.661 | OR 1.123, 95% CI 0.433–2.912, p = 0.812 |
Father’s AR | OR 2.527, 95% CI 1.338–4.773, p = 0.004 | OR 1.696, 95% CI 0.397–7.248, p = 0.476 | OR 5.595, 95% CI 2.068–15.132, p = 0.001 | OR 1.497, 95% CI 0.844–2.654 p = 0.167 | OR 1.477, 95% CI 0.512–4.257 p = 0.470 | OR 2.841, 95% CI 1.414–5.706 p = 0.003 | OR 1.983, 95% CI 1.087–3.617, p = 0.026 | OR 1.572, 95% CI 0.703–3.516, p = 0.271 | OR 2.095, 95% CI 1.159–3.787, p = 0.014 |
Father’s AD | OR 1.547, 95% CI 0.615–3.892, p = 0.354 | OR 0.278, 95% CI 0.028–2.801, p = 0.277 | OR 0.303, 95% CI 0.033–2.755, p = 0.289 | OR 1.140, 95% CI 0.493–2.633 p = 0.759 | OR 1.275, 95% CI 0.282–5.770 p = 0.752 | OR 1.188 95% CI 0.429–3.289 p = 0.740 | OR 2.083, 95% CI 0.849–5.108, p = 0.109 | OR 2.894, 95% CI 0.848–9.878, p = 0.090 | OR 2.362, 95% CI 0.993–5.622, p = 0.052 |
Attending day care | OR 0.317, 95% CI 0.686–16.038, p = 0.136 | OR 1.098, 95% CI 0.043–28.357, p = 0.955 | OR 0.420, 95% CI 0.070–2.525, p = 0.343 | OR 1.745, 95% CI 0.608–5.004 p = 0.300 | OR 2.182, 95% CI 0.303–15.710, p = 0.439 | OR 4.173 95% CI 0.495–35.129 p = 0.300 | OR 3.033, 95% CI 0.898–10.245, p = 0.074 | OR 0.371, 95% CI 0.047–2.951, p = 0.349 | OR 1.724, 95% CI 0.515–5.768, p = 0.377 |
Dog in the 1st year | OR 0.834, 95% CI 0.351–1.980, p = 0.680 | OR 7.548, 95% CI 0.989–57.647, p = 0.051 | OR 3.455, 95% 0.988–12.079, p = 0.052 | OR 1.003, 95% CI 0.479–2.100 p = 0.994 | OR 0.853 95% CI 0.172–4.236 p = 0.846 | OR 0.550 95% CI 0.171–1.776 p = 0.318 | OR 0.663, 95% CI 0.289–1.521 p = 0.332 | OR 2.312, 95% CI 0.524–10.199, p = 0.269 | OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.436–2.299, p = 0.998 |
Dog during the last 12 months | OR 2.033, 95% CI 1.127–3.667, p = 0.018 | OR 0.812, 95% CI 0.208–3.163, p = 0.764 | OR 1.961, 95% CI 0.682–5.639, p = 0.211 | OR 1.200, 95% CI 0.712–2.021 p = 0.493 | OR 1.677 95% CI 0.556–5.052 p = 0.359 | OR 1.441 95% CI 0.707–2.937 p = 0.315 | OR 0.837, 95% CI 0.474–1.478 p = 0.539 | OR 1.545, 95% CI 0.604–3.95, p = 0.364 | OR 0.764, 95% CI 0.425–1.373 p = 0.368 |
Cat in the 1st year | OR 0.525, 95% CI 0.165–1.673, p = 0.276 | OR 12.273, 95% CI 0.823–183.006, p = 0.069 | OR 0.883, 95% CI 0.148–5.259, p = 0.892 | OR 1.093, 95% CI 0.452–2.640 p = 0.844 | OR 1.880 95% CI 0.406–8.717 p = 0.420 | OR 1.635 95% CI 0.481–5.561 p = 0.431 | OR 0.831, 95% CI 0.312–2.215 p = 0.712 | OR 0.520, 95% CI 0.081–3.345, p = 0.491 | OR 0.792, 95% CI 0.286–2.188, p = 0.652 |
Cat during the last 12 months | OR 1.446, 95% CI 0.622–3.362, p = 0.392 | OR 1.672, 95% CI 0.256–10.931 p = 0.592 | OR 1.593, 95% CI 0.336–7.540, p = 0.557 | OR 0.737, 95% CI 0.350–1.550 p = 0.421 | OR 0.277 95% CI 0.087–0.883 p = 0.030 | OR 0.892 95% CI 0.307–2.59 p = 0.833 | OR 0.827, 95% CI 0.372–1.836 p = 0.640 | OR 1.500, 95% CI 0.412–5.462, p = 0.539 | OR 1.133, 95% CI 0.515–2.495, p = 0.756 |
Tobacco smoke during pregnancy | OR 1.253, 95% CI 0.743–2.112, p = 0.398 | OR 0.805, 95% CI 0.207–3.137, p = 0.755 | OR 0.718, 95% CI 0.244–2.114, p = 0.548 | OR 1.235, 95% CI 0.799–1.910 p = 0.343 | OR 1.584, 95% CI 0.659–3.806 p = 0.304 | OR 1.511 95% CI 0.816–2.797 p = 0.189 | OR 0.934, 95% CI 0.586–1.486, p = 0.772 | OR 1.228, 95% CI 0.590–2.557, p = 0.583 | OR 1.073, 95% CI 0.665–1.729, p = 0.773 |
Home dampness in the 1st year | OR 0.672, 95% CI 0.368–1.226, p = 0.195 | OR 3.734, 95% CI 0.877–15.903 p = 0.075 | OR 1.351, 95% CI 0.417–4.379, p = 0.616 | OR 1.034, 95% CI 0.636–1.678 p = 0.894 | OR 1.015, 95% CI 0.409–2.524 p = 0.974 | OR 1.071 95% CI 0.532–2.158 p = 0.847 | OR 1.314, 95% CI 0.780–2.213, p = 0.304 | OR0.866, 95% CI 0.401–1.968, p = 0.713 | OR 0.942, 95% CI 0.554–1.602, p = 0.827 |
Home dampness during the last 12 months | OR 0.723, 95% CI 0.394–1.329, p = 0.297 | OR 2.185, 95% CI 0.496–9.628, p = 0.302 | OR 0.649, 95% CI 0.201–2.101, p = 0.471 | OR 1.106, 95% CI 0.660–1.854 p = 0.703 | OR 2.220 95% CI 0.866–5.688 p = 0.097 | OR 1.063 95% CI 0.503–2.245 p = 0.873 | OR 0.748, 95% CI 0.429–1.306, p = 0.307 | OR 1.372, 95% CI 0.595–3.163, p = 0.458 | OR 0.981, 95% CI 0.556–1.733, p = 0.949 |
Mold in the 1st year | OR 0.889, 95% CI 0.333–2.376, p = 0.814 | OR 14.505, 95% CI 1.076–195.524, p = 0.044 | OR 1.162, 95% CI 0.166–8−148, p = 0.880 | OR 1.098, 95% CI 0.455–2.651 p = 0.836 | OR 3.818 95% CI 0.470–31.025 p = 0.210 | OR 1.909 95% CI 0.542–6.722 p = 0.314 | OR 1.242, 95% CI 0.486–3.173, p = 0.651 | OR 0.315, 95% CI 0.072–1.374, p = 0.124 | OR 0.677, 95 %CI 0.245–1.869, p = 0.451 |
Mold during the last 12 months | OR 1.242, 95% CI 0.448–3.444, p = 0.667 | OR 2.481, 95% CI 0.280–21.998, p = 0.414 | OR 1.194, 95% CI 0.189–7.523, p= 0.851 | OR 0.908, 95% CI 0.400–2.063 p = 0.818 | OR 0.507 95% CI 0.109–2.349 p = 0.385 | OR 0.402 95% CI 0.106–1.529 p = 0.181 | OR 1.215, 95% CI 0.519–2.846, p = 0.654 | OR 3.067, 95% CI 0.818–11.491, p = 0.096 | OR 1.609, 95% CI 0.672–3.851, p = 0.286 |
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Topalušić, I.; Stipić Marković, A.; Artuković, M.; Dodig, S.; Bucić, L.; Lugović Mihić, L. Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children’s Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia. Children 2022, 9, 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121788
Topalušić I, Stipić Marković A, Artuković M, Dodig S, Bucić L, Lugović Mihić L. Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children’s Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia. Children. 2022; 9(12):1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121788
Chicago/Turabian StyleTopalušić, Iva, Asja Stipić Marković, Marinko Artuković, Slavica Dodig, Lovro Bucić, and Liborija Lugović Mihić. 2022. "Divergent Trends in the Prevalence of Children’s Asthma, Rhinitis and Atopic Dermatitis and Environmental Influences in the Urban Setting of Zagreb, Croatia" Children 9, no. 12: 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121788