Postnatal Growth Faltering: Growth and Height Improvement at Two Years in Children with Very Low Birth Weight between 2002–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Decrease in the Prevalence of Extrauterine Growth Restriction
3.2. Height Improvement at 2 Years Comparing the 2002–2006 Quinquennium vs. 2013–2017 Quinquennium
3.3. Changes in the 2-Year Evolution of Patients with PGF Comparing 2002–2006 vs. 2013–2017
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quinquennium 1 | Quinquennium 2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 112 | 92 | ||
Gestational age | At birth (weeks) 2 | 28.9 ± 2.0 (28.5–29.2) | 29.5 ± 1.7 (29.1–29.9) | *** 0.017 |
At discharge (weeks) 2 | 38.2 ± 2.8 (37.7–38.8) | 37.7 ± 3.0 (37.1–38.3) | *** 0.19 | |
Perinatal data | Male sex 1 | 51 (45.4) | 39 (42.4) | * 0.65 |
Antenatal corticosteroids 1 | 61 (55.0) | 57 (62.0) | * 0.31 | |
Multiple gestation 1 | 38 (33.9) | 34 (37.0) | * 0.65 | |
Caesarean section 1 | 71 (64.0) | 60 (65.2) | * 0.85 | |
Apgar at 5 min < 5 1 | 7 (6.3) | 1 (1.1) | ** 0.07 | |
Intubation in resuscitation 1 | 55 (49.5) | 18 (19.6) | * <0.0001 | |
Morbidity | RDS1 | 68 (60.7) | 42 (45.7) | 0.032 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation 1 | 90 (80.4) | 39 (42.4) | * <0.0001 | |
Non-invasive ventilation 1 | 69 (61.6) | 89 (96.7) | * <0.0001 | |
Pneumothorax 1 | 5 (4.5) | 2 (2.2) | ** 0.46 | |
MV 28 days 1 | 10 (9) | 2 (2.2) | * 0.04 | |
Early-onset sepsis 1 | 10 (8.9) | 2 (2.2) | * 0.041 | |
Late-onset sepsis 1 | 40 (35.7) | 36 (39.1) | * 0.61 | |
Parenteral nutrition at 28 days | 19 (17) | 4 (4.4) | 0.005 | |
Necrotizing enterocolitis 1 | 8 (7.1) | 0 (0) | ** 0.009 | |
Patent ductus arteriosus 1 | 36 (32.1) | 28 (30.4) | * 0.79 | |
Anemia (transfusion) 1 | 19 (39.6) | 28(30.4) | * 0.27 | |
Acute kidney injury 1 | 1 (2.1) | 5 (5.4) | ** 0.66 | |
Hypotension (inotropics) 1 | 12 (10.7) | 8 (8.7) | * 0.62 | |
Premature retinopathy ≥ stage 2 1 | 9 (8.7) | 5 (5.8) | * 0.44 | |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 1 | 30 (26.8) | 16 (17.4) | * 0.11 | |
Periventricular leukomalacia 1 | 19 (17) | 6 (6.5) | * 0.024 | |
HIV grade 3–4 1 | 8 (7.1) | 4 (4.3) | * 0.39 | |
Length of stay (days) 3 | 56 (30) | 51 (24) | **** 0.004 |
Quinquennium 1 | Quinquennium 2 | p | OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 112 | 92 | |||
Somatometry at birth | Weight (g)2 | 1181 ± 238 (1136–1225) | 1205 ± 211 (1162–1249) | 0.44 | |
Weight (SD) 2 | −0.01 ± 0.69 (−0.14–0.11) | −0.28 ± 0.63 (−0.41–−0.14) | 0.006 | ||
Length (cm) 2 | 37.9 ± 2.8 (37.4–38.5) | 38.5 ± 2.8 (37.9–39.1) | 0.18 | ||
Length (SD) 2 | −0.08 ± 0.67 (−0.20–0.04) | −0.18 ± 0.74 (−0.33–−0.03) | 0.30 | ||
Head circumference (cm) 2 | 26.2 ± 2.1 (25.8–26.6) | 26.4 ± 2.0 (26.0–26.8) | 0.39 | ||
HC (SD) 2 | −0.21 ± 0.89 (−0.38–−0.05) | −0.42 ± 0.84 (−0.59–−0.24) | 0.10 | ||
BMI (g/cm2) 2 | 8.0 ± 0.9 (7.8–8.2) | 8.1 ± 0.7 (7.9–8.2) | 0.64 | ||
BMI (SD) 2 | −0.23 ± 0.88 (−0.39–−0.06) | −0.40 ± 0.83 (−0.57–−0.23) | 0.15 | ||
28 days | Weight 2 | 1369 ± 356 (1301–1436) | 1595 ± 326 (1527–1663) | <0.0001 | |
Weight (SD) 2 | −1.45 ± 0.87 (−1.62–−1.29) | −0.92 ± 0.85 (−1.1–−0.74) | <0.0001 | ||
Weight SD < p10 2 | 66 (59.5) | 33 (35.9) | 0.001 | 2.62 (1.48–4.63) | |
Weigth gain velocity g/kg/day 28 days 2 | 5.2 ± 4.6 (4.3–6.0) | 11.3 ± 3.7 (10.6–12.1) | <0.0001 | ||
36 weeks | Weight 2 | 1907 ± 315 (1845–1968) | 2104 ± 266 (2046–2161) | <0.0001 | |
Weight (SD) 2 | −1.53 ± 1.20 (−1.77–−1.29) | −0.84 ± 0.84 (−1.03–−0.66) | <0.0001 | ||
Somatometry at discharge | Weight (g) 2 | 2454 ± 248 (2407–2500) | 2502 ± 427 (2413–2590) | 0.34 | |
Weight (SD) 2 | −1.05 ± 1.33 (−1.30–0.80) | −0.61 ± 0.92 (−0.80–−0.42) | 0.008 | ||
Length (cm) 2 | 45.9 ± 1.9 (45.5–46.3) | 46.0 ± 2.7 (45.4–46.6) | 0.71 | ||
Length (SD) 2 | −1.19 ± 1.64 (−1.50–−0.88) | −0.80 ± 1.55 (−1.12–−0.47) | 0.08 | ||
Head circumference (cm) 2 | 33.3 ± 1.1 (33.0–33.5) | 33.2 ± 2.1 (32.7–33.6) | 0.74 | ||
HC (SD) 2 | −0.12 ± 1.49 (−0.40–0.15) | 0.06 ± 1.74 (−0.29–0.42) | 0.40 | ||
BMI (g/cm2) 2 | 11.5 ± 0.9 (11.4–11.7) | 11.7 ± 1.5 (11.4–12.1) | 0.25 | ||
BMI (SD) 2 | −0.72 ± 0.83 (−0.88–−0.57) | −0.43 ± 1.01 (−0.64–−0.22) | 0.027 |
Quinquennium 1 | Quinquennium 2 | p | OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 112 | 92 | |||
PGF weight | <p10 | 41 (36.6) | 21 (22.8) | 0.033 | 1.95 (1.05–3.63) |
>−1 DS | 47 (42.0) | 14 (15.2) | <0.001 | 4.02 (2.03–7.96) | |
PGF length | <p10 | 53 (47.3) | 28 (30.4) | 0.014 | 2.05 (1.15–3.66) |
>−1 DS | 56 (50.0) | 26 (28.3) | 0.002 | 2.53 (1.41–4.56) | |
PGF HC | <p10 | 16 (14.3) | 12 (13.0) | 0.79 | |
>−1 DS | 18 (16.1) | 11 (12.1) | 0.50 |
Quinquennium 1 | Quinquennium 2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Assessment 2 years | N | 112 | 92 | |
Chronological age (months) 2 | 26.33 ± 1.78 (26.00–26.67) | 26.85 ± 2.94 (26.33–27.36) | *** 0.09 | |
Corrected age (months) 2 | 23.76 ± 1.74 (23.43–24.08) | 24.40 ± 2.41 (23.9–24.9) | *** 0.034 | |
Somatometry 2 years | Weight (kg) 2 | 11.23 ± 1.55 (10.94–11.53) | 11.46 ± 1.50 (11.15–11.77) | *** 0.30 |
Weight (SD) 2 | −0.53 ± 1.17 (−0.75–−0.31) | −0.52 ± 1.09 (−0.74–−0.29) | *** 0.96 | |
Height (cm) 2 | 85.2 ± 3.8 (84.5–86.0) | 85.4 ± 4.0 (84.5–86.2) | *** 0.80 | |
Height (SD) 2 | −1.12 ± 1.11 (−1.35–−0.91) | −0.74 ± 1.21 (−0.99–−0.49) | *** 0.023 | |
Short stature 1 | 23 (20.5) | 14 (15.2) | * 0.32 | |
HC (cm) 2 | 48.50 ± 1.77 (48.17–48.84) | 48.32 ± 2.01 (47.90–48.73) | * 0.48 | |
Microcephaly 1 | 3 (2.7) | 6 (6.7) | ** 0.19 | |
HC (SD) 2 | 0.57 ± 1.16 (0.35–0.79) | 0.26 ± 1.52 (−0.05–0.58) | * 0.09 | |
BMI 2 | 15.62 ± 1.37 (15.36–15.87) | 15.73 ± 1.44 (15.43–16.03) | * 0.55 | |
BMI (SD) 2 | −0.22 ± 1.09 (−0.43–−0.02) | 0.13 ± 1.31 (−0.14–0.40) | * 0.034 | |
Malnutrition 1 | 8 (9) | 2 (2.2) | ** 0.11 |
Quinquennium 1 | Quinquennium 2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Short stature | 13 (31.7) | 5 (23.8) | 0.51 |
Malnutrition | 7 (17.1) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
Microcephaly | 3 (7.3) | 2 (9.5) | 1 |
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González-García, L.; Mantecón-Fernández, L.; Suárez-Rodríguez, M.; Arias-Llorente, R.; Lareu-Vidal, S.; Ibáñez-Fernández, A.; Caunedo-Jiménez, M.; González-López, C.; Fernández-Morán, E.; Fernández-Colomer, B.; et al. Postnatal Growth Faltering: Growth and Height Improvement at Two Years in Children with Very Low Birth Weight between 2002–2017. Children 2022, 9, 1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121800
González-García L, Mantecón-Fernández L, Suárez-Rodríguez M, Arias-Llorente R, Lareu-Vidal S, Ibáñez-Fernández A, Caunedo-Jiménez M, González-López C, Fernández-Morán E, Fernández-Colomer B, et al. Postnatal Growth Faltering: Growth and Height Improvement at Two Years in Children with Very Low Birth Weight between 2002–2017. Children. 2022; 9(12):1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121800
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-García, Lara, Laura Mantecón-Fernández, Marta Suárez-Rodríguez, Rosa Arias-Llorente, Sonia Lareu-Vidal, Aleida Ibáñez-Fernández, María Caunedo-Jiménez, Clara González-López, Eva Fernández-Morán, Belén Fernández-Colomer, and et al. 2022. "Postnatal Growth Faltering: Growth and Height Improvement at Two Years in Children with Very Low Birth Weight between 2002–2017" Children 9, no. 12: 1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121800