A Preliminary Study of Assessing Gaze, Interoception and School Performance among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Feasibility of VR Classroom
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. VR Classroom
2.2.2. Gaze
2.2.3. Interoception
2.2.4. Performance Test (Quiz)
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Group Differences of Gaze
3.3. Group Differences of Quiz
3.4. Group Differences of Interoception
4. Discussion
4.1. Gaze
4.2. Quiz
4.3. Interoception
4.4. Limitations of This Study and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Variables | DD (n = 8) | TD (n = 7) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | (%) | Frequency | (%) | p | |||
Sex | Boy | 6 | 75.0% | 5 | 71.4% | 1.000 a | |
Girl | 2 | 25.0% | 2 | 28.6% | |||
Age | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t value | p | |
12.71 | 1.60 | 13.57 | 0.53 | −1.68 | 0.117 b |
Variables | DD (n = 8) | TD (n = 7) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | t Value | U | p | |||
Gazing time from 0–15 s | Notice | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.98 | 1.13 | 0.25 | 2.55 | 1.57 | 0.89 | –1.11 | 0.288 | ||
Teacher | 5.50 | 15.00 | 10.83 | 3.33 | 3.20 | 11.60 | 9.05 | 2.72 | 1.12 | 0.283 | |||
Others | 0.00 | 6.80 | 3.19 | 2.46 | 1.30 | 11.55 | 4.38 | 3.35 | 29.50 | 0.867 | a | ||
Gazing time from 15–30 s | Notice | 0.00 | 2.95 | 1.23 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 1.68 | 1.35 | –0.65 | 0.527 | ||
Teacher | 3.75 | 14.85 | 10.03 | 3.96 | 0.00 | 10.30 | 7.39 | 3.45 | 1.37 | 0.195 | |||
Others | 0.15 | 11.25 | 3.74 | 3.86 | 2.05 | 15.00 | 5.94 | 4.19 | –1.06 | 0.311 | |||
Gazing time from 30–45 s | Notice | 0.00 | 3.10 | 0.87 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 2.05 | 1.37 | 0.70 | 39.50 | 0.189 | a | |
Teacher | 7.80 | 14.90 | 11.63 | 2.36 | 2.00 | 11.10 | 8.21 | 2.87 | 2.53 | 0.025 | * | ||
Others | 0.00 | 6.60 | 2.51 | 2.37 | 2.10 | 12.85 | 5.42 | 3.47 | 45.00 | 0.054 | † a | ||
Gazing time from 45–60 s | Notice | 1.20 | 5.55 | 2.71 | 1.43 | 0.00 | 5.35 | 3.15 | 1.77 | –0.54 | 0.600 | ||
Teacher | 0.65 | 12.40 | 8.19 | 4.12 | 1.70 | 10.60 | 7.86 | 3.21 | 0.17 | 0.867 | |||
Others | 0.00 | 13.15 | 4.10 | 4.43 | 0.60 | 9.65 | 3.99 | 3.21 | 0.06 | 0.956 | |||
Gazing time from 60–75 s | Notebook | 0.00 | 2.75 | 1.11 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 2.60 | 1.13 | 0.89 | –0.04 | 0.969 | ||
Teacher | 4.00 | 11.35 | 8.90 | 2.47 | 3.40 | 11.55 | 8.38 | 2.80 | 0.38 | 0.708 | |||
Others | 0.90 | 8.55 | 4.99 | 2.48 | 2.95 | 10.00 | 5.49 | 2.44 | –0.39 | 0.702 |
Variables | DD (n = 8) | TD (n = 7) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | t Value | p | ||
Quiz score | 40.00 | 100.00 | 70.00 | 23.90 | 60.00 | 100.00 | 91.43 | 15.74 | −2.02 | 0.065 | † |
Variables | DD (n = 8) | TD (n = 7) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Mean | SD | t Value | U | p | ||
Interoception | 0.27 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.12 | −2.02 | 0.071 | † | |
MAIA Scales | ||||||||||||
Noticing | 0.00 | 2.75 | 0.81 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 4.50 | 2.29 | 1.10 | 47.00 | 0.029 | * a | |
Not Distracting | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.25 | 1.62 | 1.00 | 4.67 | 2.81 | 1.26 | 0.58 | 0.571 | ||
Not Worrying | 0.33 | 3.33 | 2.29 | 1.09 | 1.67 | 4.67 | 3.14 | 0.96 | −1.59 | 0.135 | ||
Attention Regulation | 0.00 | 3.57 | 1.27 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 5.00 | 2.65 | 1.22 | −2.24 | 0.043 | * | |
Emotional Awareness | 0.00 | 5.00 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 2.20 | 4.60 | 3.03 | 0.86 | 49.00 | 0.043 | * a | |
Self-Regulation | 0.00 | 2.25 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 4.50 | 2.83 | 1.67 | 48.00 | 0.021 | * a | |
Body Listening | 0.00 | 1.33 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 4.00 | 2.19 | 1.09 | 51.00 | 0.006 | * a | |
Trusting | 0.00 | 5.00 | 1.38 | 1.69 | 2.33 | 5.00 | 3.52 | 1.05 | 48.50 | 0.014 | * a |
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Ide-Okochi, A.; Matsunaga, N.; Sato, H. A Preliminary Study of Assessing Gaze, Interoception and School Performance among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Feasibility of VR Classroom. Children 2022, 9, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020250
Ide-Okochi A, Matsunaga N, Sato H. A Preliminary Study of Assessing Gaze, Interoception and School Performance among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Feasibility of VR Classroom. Children. 2022; 9(2):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020250
Chicago/Turabian StyleIde-Okochi, Ayako, Nobutomo Matsunaga, and Hiro Sato. 2022. "A Preliminary Study of Assessing Gaze, Interoception and School Performance among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Feasibility of VR Classroom" Children 9, no. 2: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020250