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Article

Hypnosis and Sedation for Anxious Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Practice-Based Longitudinal Study

by
Sabine Rienhoff
1,
Christian H. Splieth
2,
Jacobus S. J. Veerkamp
3,
Jan Rienhoff
1,
Janneke B. Krikken
4,
Guglielmo Campus
5,6,*,† and
Thomas Gerhard Wolf
5,7,†
1
Pediatric Dental Practice, D-30177 Hannover, Germany
2
Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Oral Health, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
3
Kindertand, Pediatric Dental Practice, NL-1076 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4
Snoet Kindermondzorgcentrum, Pediatric Dental Practice, NL-1061 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5
Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
6
Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
7
Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Children 2022, 9(5), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050611
Submission received: 15 March 2022 / Revised: 5 April 2022 / Accepted: 21 April 2022 / Published: 25 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance Research in Pediatric Dental Disease)

Abstract

To assess whether the treatment of children with oral midazolam and pediatric hypnosis techniques can improve the compliance in consecutive sessions, a retrospective longitudinal practice-based observational study was designed and carried out. A total of 311 children between 3 and 12 years of age were treated under hypnosis and sedation with midazolam (0.40 mg/kg body weight). Treatments were performed in one to a maximum of three sessions. A total of 183 children received one, 103 received two and 25 children received three treatment sessions. The behavior of the children during the sessions was examined by means of the Venham score. The self-evaluation of the children was based on the Wong–Baker Scale. Child behavior using midazolam and hypnosis techniques showed little difference and good compliance between the sessions. Venham scores did not increase significantly regarding total treatment from the first (0.99 ± 1.41) to the second (1.17 ± 1.39) and to the third session (1.27 ± 1.20) (p > 0.05). However, considering the highest Venham scores that occurred in each case, the behavior of the children worsened significantly (p < 0.01) during the three treatment sessions, from 1.37 ± 1.31 (first) to 1.87 ± 1.74 (second) to 2.32 ± 1.33 (third). In 6.11% of the children, treatment was discontinued in the first session (n = 19), 0.96% in the second (n = 3) and 0% in the third. Treatment with low-dose midazolam, combined with hypnosis techniques, showed to be an effective option for dental treatment in children. Within the limitations of the current study, and with consideration of highest possible compliance, no more than two treatment sessions for pediatric dental treatment should be performed.
Keywords: compliance; hypnosis; midazolam; pediatric dental treatment; sedation compliance; hypnosis; midazolam; pediatric dental treatment; sedation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Rienhoff, S.; Splieth, C.H.; Veerkamp, J.S.J.; Rienhoff, J.; Krikken, J.B.; Campus, G.; Wolf, T.G. Hypnosis and Sedation for Anxious Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Practice-Based Longitudinal Study. Children 2022, 9, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050611

AMA Style

Rienhoff S, Splieth CH, Veerkamp JSJ, Rienhoff J, Krikken JB, Campus G, Wolf TG. Hypnosis and Sedation for Anxious Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Practice-Based Longitudinal Study. Children. 2022; 9(5):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050611

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rienhoff, Sabine, Christian H. Splieth, Jacobus S. J. Veerkamp, Jan Rienhoff, Janneke B. Krikken, Guglielmo Campus, and Thomas Gerhard Wolf. 2022. "Hypnosis and Sedation for Anxious Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Practice-Based Longitudinal Study" Children 9, no. 5: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050611

APA Style

Rienhoff, S., Splieth, C. H., Veerkamp, J. S. J., Rienhoff, J., Krikken, J. B., Campus, G., & Wolf, T. G. (2022). Hypnosis and Sedation for Anxious Children Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Retrospective Practice-Based Longitudinal Study. Children, 9(5), 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050611

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