Perceived Changes in Emotions, Worries and Everyday Behaviors in Children and Adolescents Aged 5–18 Years with Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Variables Extrapolated from the CRISIS Questionnaire
2.4.2. Outcome and Types of Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Exploratory Analyses
3.3. SEM for the EW-D
3.4. Changes in Items in the Domains “Daily behaviors” and “Use of digital media”
4. Discussion
4.1. Emotional and Psychological Effects
4.2. Behavioral Effects
5. Strengths, Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
6. Conclusions—Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CRISIS | The CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes |
HV | Healthy Volunteers |
EW | Emotion/Worries |
EW-B | Emotions/Worries-Before |
EW-D | Emotions/Worries-During |
LC | Life Changes due to COVID-19 Crisis in the past two weeks |
ICC SEM | Intraclass Correlation Coefficient structural equation model analysis |
RMSEA | root mean square error of approximation |
SRMR | standardized root mean squared residual |
CDet | coefficient of determination |
AIC | Akaike information criterion |
BIC | Bayesian information criterion |
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T1D-Patients | Controls | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Caregiver age, years | 44.4 ± 5.9, 45 (40, 48) | 43.4 ± 6.2, 44.5 (38, 49) | 0.37 |
Caregiver relation to child | 0.14 | ||
Mother | 80 (70.2) | 21 (55.3) | |
Father | 32 (28.1) | 17 (44.7) | |
Grandparent | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Greek origin | 104 (91.2) | 35 (92.1) | 0.99 |
Living area | 0.015 | ||
Large city | 70 (61.4) | 30 (79.0) | |
Small city | 27 (23.7) | 8 (21.0) | |
Village | 17 (14.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
Single parent family | 13 (11.4) | 6 (15.8) | 0.57 |
Presence of elderly people at home | 5 (4.4) | 2 (5.3) | 0.99 |
Presence of other children at home | 79 (69.3) | 27 (71.1) | 0.99 |
Number of other persons at home | 2.9 ± 1.0, 3 (2, 3) | 2.8 ± 0.9, 3 (2, 3) | 0.48 |
Working during lockdown | 84 (73.7) | 35 (92.1) | 0.022 |
Working but living at home | 84 (100.0) | 35 (100.0) | n.a a |
Health care worker | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 |
Number of rooms at home | 5.2 ± 1.1, 5 (5, 6) | 5.4 ± 1.0, 5 (5, 6) | 0.46 |
Insurance | 114 (100.0) | 38 (100.0) | n.a a |
Subsidy | 108 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | <0.001 |
Child’s physical health status according to caregiver, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Excellent | 49 (43.0) | 32 (84.2) | |
Very good | 49 (43.0) | 6 (15.8) | |
Good | 10 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Fair | 6 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Poor | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Child’s mental health status according to caregiver, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Excellent | 45 (39.5) | 34 (89.5) | |
Very good | 56 (49.1) | 4 (10.5) | |
Good | 8 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Fair | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Poor | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
logEW-B | β-Coefficient | 95% ci | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Single parent family, yes vs. no | 0.121 | 0.024, 0.218 | 0.014 |
Child’s age | 0.012 | 0.004, 0.021 | 0.005 |
Health support, yes vs. no | 0.105 | 0.026, 0.185 | 0.009 |
logEW-D | |||
logEW-B | 0.435 | 0.335, 0.535 | <0.001 |
logCOVID-worries | 0.080 | 0.023, 0.137 | 0.006 |
Number of persons at home | 0.035 | 0.009, 0.061 | 0.007 |
Stress due to restrictions | 0.036 | 0.011, 0.061 | 0.005 |
Stress due to changes in relations with friends | 0.026 | 0.002, 0.050 | 0.035 |
Optimism about a hopeful ending | −0.029 | −0.050, −0.008 | 0.008 |
Stress due to change in family relations | 0.146 | 0.054, 0.237 | 0.002 |
Interaction quality of family relations × family stress | −0.072 | −0.102, −0.042 | <0.001 |
Interaction T1D-patients × number of children at home | −0.118 | −0.171, −0.065 | <0.001 |
Interaction T1D-patients × financial problems | 0.057 | 0.031, 0.082 | <0.001 |
Interaction T1D-patients × event cancellation | 0.029 | 0.013, 0.045 | 0.001 |
Gender, females vs. males | −0.061 | −0.102, −0.021 | 0.003 |
Child’s age | −0.006 | −0.011, −0.0003 | 0.038 |
Interaction T1D-patients × number of children at home | |||
Number of children at home | 0.755 | 0.687, 0.824 | <0.001 |
T1D-patients vs. controls | 0.705 | 0.632, 0.778 | <0.001 |
Interaction T1D-patients × financial problems | |||
Financial problems | 0.958 | 0.926, 0.990 | <0.001 |
T1D-patients vs. controls | 1.117 | 1.061, 1.173 | <0.001 |
Interaction T1D-patients × event cancellation | |||
Event cancellation | 0.782 | 0.716, 0.848 | <0.001 |
T1D-patients vs. controls | 2.152 | 1.960, 2.345 | <0.001 |
Interaction quality of family relations × family stress | |||
Change in quality of family relations | 1.037 | 1.009, 1.065 | <0.001 |
Stress due to changes in family relations | 2.964 | 2.929, 3.000 | <0.001 |
Measure of Goodness-of-Fit | Result |
---|---|
Chi-square test a | 81.145 (81), 0.475 |
RMSEA b | 0.003 (<0.001, 0.046), 0.973 |
SRMR c | 0.042 |
CDet d | 1.000 |
Item (Probability of Worsening) | T1D Patients (n = 114) | Controls (n = 38) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Bedtime weekdays (later) | 77 (67.5%) | 33 (86.8%) | 0.022 |
Bedtime weekend (later) | 71 (62.3%) | 26 (68.4%) | 0.56 |
Sleeping hours weekdays (more) | 52 (45.6%) | 21 (55.3%) | 0.35 |
Sleeping hours weekend (more) | 50 (43.9%) | 12 (31.6%) | 0.25 |
Physical exercise (less) | 45 (39.5%) | 20 (52.6%) | 0.19 |
Time spent outdoors (less) | 84 (73.7%) | 32 (84.2%) | 0.27 |
TV (more) | 98 (86.0%) | 37 (97.4%) | 0.07 |
Social media (more) | 52 (45.6%) | 20 (52.6%) | 0.46 |
Video games (more) | 60 (52.6%) | 17 (44.7%) | 0.45 |
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Sfinari, A.; Pervanidou, P.; Chouliaras, G.; Zoumakis, E.; Vasilakis, I.A.; Nicolaides, N.C.; Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. Perceived Changes in Emotions, Worries and Everyday Behaviors in Children and Adolescents Aged 5–18 Years with Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children 2022, 9, 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050736
Sfinari A, Pervanidou P, Chouliaras G, Zoumakis E, Vasilakis IA, Nicolaides NC, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. Perceived Changes in Emotions, Worries and Everyday Behaviors in Children and Adolescents Aged 5–18 Years with Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children. 2022; 9(5):736. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050736
Chicago/Turabian StyleSfinari, Anastasia, Panagiota Pervanidou, Giorgos Chouliaras, Emmanouil Zoumakis, Ioannis A. Vasilakis, Nicolas C. Nicolaides, and Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein. 2022. "Perceived Changes in Emotions, Worries and Everyday Behaviors in Children and Adolescents Aged 5–18 Years with Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Children 9, no. 5: 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050736