Congenital Heart Disease: Growth Evaluation and Sport Activity in a Paediatric Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Anthropometric Indices
3.3. Weight Status
3.4. Sport Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Anthropometric Indices
4.2. Weight Status
4.3. Sport Activity
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 368 | |
---|---|
Sex (female), % | 40.8 |
Age at first recording (years), median (range) | 5 (2–14) |
Age at last measurement (years), median (range) | 10 (2–18) |
Duration of follow-up (years), median (range) | 5.2 (0.0–12.7) |
Number of measurements per patient, median (range) | 7 (1–21) |
Patients with only one recording of height and weight, % | 24.7 |
CHD severity, % | |
Mild | 38.9 |
Moderate | 26.3 |
Severe | 18.5 |
Univentricular | 3.3 |
Not classified | 13.0 |
Number of surgical interventions, median (range) | 0 (0–4) |
Height at first recording (centimeters), mean ± sd | 110.5 ± 18.8 |
Height z-score at first recording, mean ± sd | 0.1 ± 1.2 |
Weight at first recording (kilograms), mean ± sd | 20.2 ± 9.6 |
Weight z-score at first recording, mean ± sd | −0.5 ± 1.2 |
Body mass index at first recording, mean ± sd | 15.7 ± 2.5 |
Body mass index z-score at first recording, mean ± sd | −0.8 ± 1.9 |
BMI category at first recording, % | |
Underweight | 24.7 |
Normal weight | 58.2 |
Overweight | 15.2 |
Obese | 1.9 |
Age at end of the study (years) *, median (range) | 12 (7–18) |
CHD severity *, % | |
Mild | 34.6 |
Moderate | 28.2 |
Severe | 20.3 |
Univentricular | 2.6 |
Not classified | 14.3 |
Number of days spent per week in sports activities *, mean ± sd | 1.7 ± 1.3 |
Height z-Score | Weight z-Score | BMI z-Score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables of Interest | Beta (95%CI) | Beta (95%CI) | Beta (95%CI) | |
Model 1 * | Age (years) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) |
Model 2 * | Age (years) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) |
Severity (vs. mild) | ||||
moderate | −0.13 (−0.49, 0.23) | −0.52 (−0.86, −0.17) | −0.88 (−1.41, −0.36) | |
severe | −0.19 (−0.58, 0.20) | −0.70 (−1.08, −0.32) | −1.12 (−1.67, −0.57) | |
univentricular | −1.13 (−1.81, −0.45) | −1.85 (−2.5, −1.16) | −1.73 (−2.60, −0.86) | |
not classified | −0.07 (−0.41, 0.27) | −0.04 (−0.39, 0.32) | −0.12 (−0.51, 0.28) |
S1 Patients N = 91 | S2 Patients N = 277 | p Value | Statistical Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (female), % | 44.0 | 39.7 | 0.539 | Fisher’s exact test |
Age at first recording (years), median | 3 | 6 | <0.001 | Mood’s Median test |
CHD severity, % | ||||
Mild | 71.4 | 28.2 | <0.001 | Fisher’s exact test |
Moderate | 14.3 | 30.3 | ||
Severe | 4.4 | 23.1 | ||
Univentricular | 3.3 | 3.2 | ||
Not classified | 6.6 | 15.2 | ||
BMI category at first Recording, % | ||||
Underweight | 18.7 | 26.7 | 0.269 | Fisher’s exact test |
Normal weight | 67.0 | 55.2 | ||
Overweight | 13.2 | 15.9 | ||
Obese | 1.1 | 2.2 | ||
Number of days spent per week in sports activities *, mean | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.468 | Student’s t-Test |
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Zoller, T.; Prioli, M.A.; Clemente, M.; Pilati, M.; Sandrini, C.; Luciani, G.B.; Deganello Saccomani, M.; Ficial, B.; Gaffuri, M.; Piacentini, G.; et al. Congenital Heart Disease: Growth Evaluation and Sport Activity in a Paediatric Population. Children 2022, 9, 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060884
Zoller T, Prioli MA, Clemente M, Pilati M, Sandrini C, Luciani GB, Deganello Saccomani M, Ficial B, Gaffuri M, Piacentini G, et al. Congenital Heart Disease: Growth Evaluation and Sport Activity in a Paediatric Population. Children. 2022; 9(6):884. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060884
Chicago/Turabian StyleZoller, Thomas, Maria Antonia Prioli, Maria Clemente, Mara Pilati, Camilla Sandrini, Giovanni Battista Luciani, Marco Deganello Saccomani, Benjamim Ficial, Marcella Gaffuri, Giorgio Piacentini, and et al. 2022. "Congenital Heart Disease: Growth Evaluation and Sport Activity in a Paediatric Population" Children 9, no. 6: 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060884