Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Function in Overweight and Obese Children Wearing Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Design
2.2. Participants and Study Period
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Objectives
2.5. Main Outcomes and Measures
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children | Age | Weight | Height | Body Mass Index | Males/Females |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months | kg | cm | n/n | ||
Healthy | 108 | 39 | 139 | 18.61 | 8/7 |
72–130 | 28.8–42 | 131–145 | 18.08–20.83 | ||
Obese | 144 | 73.95 | 149 | 33.75 | 4/10 |
107.5–184.75 | 48.55–92.45 | 139–157.88 | 24.43–38.85 |
Test with Surgical Mask | Test with N95 Mask | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | Kruskal–Wallis Test | Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | Kruskal–Wallis Test | |
T30 | T60 | Twt | T30 | T60 | Twt | p | ||
SaO2 | 98 | 98 | 98 | NS | 98 | 98 | 97 | NS |
% | 97–98 | 97–98 | 96–98 | 97–98 | 96–98 | 96–98 | ||
PETCO2 | 36 | 36 | 35 | NS | 35 | 38 | 39 | NS |
mmHg | 35–37 | 33–37 | 33–39 | 35–40 | 35–41 | 37–41 | ||
PR | 96 | 106 | 115 | <0.0015 | 99 | 100 | 109 | <0.0304 |
pulsation/min | 89–100 | 100–115 | 110–120 | 87–105 | 82–106 | 105–114 | ||
RR | 22 | 21 | 26 | <0.0001 | 21 | 22 | 25 | <0.0098 |
breaths/min | 20–23 | 21–22 | 24–28 | 19–22 | 20–23 | 20–30 | ||
Clinical signs of respiratory distress * | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent |
Test with Surgical Mask | Test with N95 Mask | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | Kruskal–Wallis Test | Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | Kruskal–Wallis Test | |
T30 | T60 | Twt | T30 | T60 | Twt | p | ||
SaO2 | 98 | 97.5 | 97.5 | NS | 98 | 98 | 97 | NS |
% | 96.75–98.25 | 96.75–98 | 96–98 | 96.75–98.25 | 97–98 | 96–98 | ||
PETCO2 | 37 | 39 | 42 | <0.0001 | 37 | 39 | 41.5 | <0.0001 |
mmHg | 35.75–39 | 38–43.25 | 41–42 | 35.75–39.25 | 38.75–41.75 | 40–43.25 | ||
PR | 93 | 90.5 | 127 | <0.0001 | 93 | 94 | 131 | <0.0002 |
pulsation/min | 85.75–100.5 | 85.25–102.25 | 118.75–137.25 | 85.75–100.5 | 88.25–105.25 | 112.25–140 | ||
RR | 20 | 20 | 30 | <0.0001 | 20 | 20.5 | 32 | <0.0001 |
breaths/min | 16–21.25 | 16–23 | 25.5–36 | 16–21.25 | 18–23.25 | 25.5–34 | ||
Clinical signs of respiratory distress * | Absent | Absent | Present | Absent | Absent | Present |
Test with Surgical Mask | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | |||||||
T30 | T60 | Twt | |||||||
Healthy | Obese | p | Healthy | Obese | p | Healthy | Obese | p | |
SaO2 | 98 | 98 | NS | 98 | 97.5 | NS | 98 | 97.5 | NS |
% | 97–98 | 96.75–98.25 | 97–98 | 96.75–98 | 96–98 | 96–98 | |||
PETCO2 | 36 | 37 | NS | 36 | 39 | 0.0046 | 35 | 42 | 0.0001 |
mmHg | 35–37 | 35.75–39 | 33–37 | 38–43.25 | 33–39 | 41–42 | |||
PR | 96 | 93 | NS | 106 | 90.5 | NS | 115 | 127 | NS |
pulsation/min | 89–100 | 85.75–100.5 | 100–115 | 85.25–102.25 | 110–120 | 118.75–137.25 | |||
RR | 22 | 20 | NS | 21 | 20 | NS | 26 | 30 | 0.041 |
breaths/min | 20–23 | 16–21.25 | 21–22 | 16–23 | 24–28 | 25.5–36 | |||
Clinical signs of respiratory distress * | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present |
Test with surgical mask | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Mask | With Mask | With Mask and Walking Test | |||||||
T30 | T60 | Twt | |||||||
Healthy | Obese | p | Healthy | Obese | p | Healthy | Obese | p | |
SaO2 | 98 | 98 | NS | 98 | 98 | NS | 97 | 97 | NS |
% | 97–98 | 96.75–98.25 | 96–98 | 97–98 | 96–98 | 96–98 | |||
PETCO2 | 35 | 37 | NS | 38 | 39 | NS | 39 | 41.5 | 0.0062 |
mmHg | 35–40 | 35.75–39.25 | 35–41 | 38.75–41.75 | 37–41 | 40–43.25 | |||
PR | 99 | 93 | NS | 100 | 94 | NS | 109 | 131 | 0.01 |
pulsation/min | 87–105 | 85.75–100.5 | 82–106 | 88.25–105.25 | 105–114 | 115.25–140 | |||
RR | 21 | 20 | NS | 22 | 20.5 | NS | 25 | 32 | 0.0053 |
breaths/min | 19–22 | 16–21.25 | 20–23 | 18–23.5 | 20–30 | 25.5–34 | |||
Clinical signs of respiratory distress * | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present |
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Lubrano, R.; Bloise, S.; Sanseviero, M.; Marcellino, A.; Proietti Ciolli, C.; De Luca, E.; Testa, A.; Dilillo, A.; Mallardo, S.; Isoldi, S.; et al. Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Function in Overweight and Obese Children Wearing Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children 2022, 9, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071053
Lubrano R, Bloise S, Sanseviero M, Marcellino A, Proietti Ciolli C, De Luca E, Testa A, Dilillo A, Mallardo S, Isoldi S, et al. Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Function in Overweight and Obese Children Wearing Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children. 2022; 9(7):1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071053
Chicago/Turabian StyleLubrano, Riccardo, Silvia Bloise, Mariateresa Sanseviero, Alessia Marcellino, Claudia Proietti Ciolli, Enrica De Luca, Alessia Testa, Anna Dilillo, Saverio Mallardo, Sara Isoldi, and et al. 2022. "Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Function in Overweight and Obese Children Wearing Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Children 9, no. 7: 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071053