The Effect of Metabolic Profile on Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aim
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Protocol
2.3. Assays
2.4. Ethics
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%), Mean ± SD | Median (Range) |
---|---|---|
Gender (female) | 36 (45%)/44 (55%) | |
Chronological age (years) | 14.89 ± 3.44 | 14.9 (12.1, 14.9) |
Tanner stage (II–V) | 11/9/8/52 | |
Height (cm) | 160 ± 22.5 | 164 (153, 170.5) |
Weight (Kg) | 56.9 ± 15.5 | 58.3 (46.3, 69.1) |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 3.6 | 21.3 (18.6, 23.2) |
z score BMI (SD) | 0.49 ± 0.93 | 0.43 (−0.072, 1.008) |
Waist (cm) | 74.3 ± 10.5 | 74 (66, 82) |
Hip (cm) | 50.75 ± 8.9 | 51 (45.5, 55) |
Waist to hip ratio | 1.48 ± 0.2 | 1.49 (1.36, 1.60) |
Waist to height ratio | 0.94 ± 4.3 | 0.45 (0.42, 0.49) |
Fat mass percentage (%) | 20.8 ± 7.4 | 20.7 (16.5, 25.6) |
Muscle mass (kg) | 45 ± 12.9 | 42.3 (36.3, 54.05) |
Age at disease diagnosis (years) | 9.02 ± 3.5 | 9.58 (7.1, 12) |
Disease duration (years) | 5.8 ± 4.03 | 5.54 (2.25, 8.29) |
Insulin (iu/Kg/day) | 0.84 ± 0.24 | 0.83 (0.68, 0.97) |
Mean annual HbA1c (%) | 8.0 ± 1.41 | 7.73 (7.05, 8.95) |
Physical activity (7 days total steps count) | 49,708 ± 24,033 | 45,171 (31,302, 64,053) |
n (%) | Mean ± SD | Median (Range) |
---|---|---|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 69.9 ± 46.2 | 61 (45, 78) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 153.29 ± 27.67 | 153 (134, 169) |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.4 ± 14 | 58 (49, 68) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 84.7 ± 23.2 | 83 (69, 101) |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | 28.5 ± 44.5 | 13 (6, 24.6) |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 9.5 ± 10.6 | 5.4 (2.4, 12.6) |
Squared leptin | 2.66 ± 1.58 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) |
Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 32,295 ± 27,519 | 21,621 (15,290, 42,581) |
Log adiponectin | 10.13 ± 0.67 | 9.98 (9.63, 10.65) |
Leptin/adiponectin | 0.00045 ± 0.0006 | 0.0002 (0.00007, 0.0005) |
Log leptin/adiponectin | −8.59 ± 1.51 | −8.33 (−9.55, −7.53) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 16.16 ± 34.89 | 6.15 (5.04, 10.58) |
1/IL-6 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.16 (0.09, 0.19) |
hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 1524 ± 2541 | 816 (289, 1574) |
Log hs-CRP | 6.56 ± 1.22 | 6.70 (5.66, 7.36) |
White blood count (/mm3) | 6159 ± 1431 | 5980 (5300, 6900) |
Neutrophils percentage (%) | 47.73 ± 10.23 | 48 (41, 54.6) |
Leukocytes percentage (%) | 39.81 ± 9.47 | 40.5 (34, 47.6) |
Platelets (/mm3) | 249,052 ± 68,900 | 53,500 (214,000, 287,000) |
Px | Beta | (95% C.I. of Beta) | T-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and anthropometric parameters | ||||
Gender (female) | 1.643 | (1.035, 2.252) | 5.38 | <0.001 |
Chronological age (years) | 0.033 | (−0.069, 0.136) | 0.64 | 0.522 |
Tanner stage (II–V) | 0.2408 | (−0.072, 0.554) | 1.53 | 0.130 |
Height (cm) | 0.002 | (−0.013, 0.018) | 0.32 | 0.751 |
Weight (kg) | 0.02 | (−0.002, 0.042) | 1.78 | 0.078 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.013 | (−0.019, 0.047) | 0.83 | 0.411 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 0.044 | (0.005, 0.083) | 2.28 | 0.025 |
Waist to hip ratio | −2.017 | (−3.734, −0.299) | −2.34 | 0.022 |
Waist to height ratio | −0.038 | (−0.121, 0.044) | −0.92 | 0.359 |
ΒΜΙ (Kg/m2) | 0.184 | (0.096, 0.271) | 4.21 | <0.001 |
z score BMI (SD) | 0.617 | (0.262, 0.973) | 3.46 | 0.001 |
Fat mass percentage (%) | 14.07 | (10.5001, 17.6526) | 7.84 | <0.001 |
Muscle mass (kg) | −0.008 | (−0.036, 0.018) | −0.64 | 0.527 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.139 | (−0.098, 0.377) | 1.17 | 0.247 |
Mean annual HbA1c (%) | 0.0618 | (−0.199, 0.323) | 0.47 | 0.639 |
Number of daily glucose measurements | 0.0267 | (−0.071, 0.124) | 0.54 | 0.589 |
Total number of weekly hypoglycemic episodes | 0.009 | (−0.043, 0.062) | 0.35 | 0.726 |
Insulin (units/kg per day) | 1.162 | (−0.291, 2.616) | 1.59 | 0.115 |
T1D duration (years) | 0.02 | (−0.06, 0.11) | 0.64 | 0.527 |
Family situation * (family members living with the patient) | 0.17 | (−0.32, 0.68) | 0.70 | 0.486 |
Insulin regime ** (mode of insulin administration) | 0.719 | (−0.005, 1.445) | 1.98 | 0.052 |
Physical activity (7 days total steps count) | −6.29 × 10−6 | (−0.00002, 8.49 × 10−6) | −0.85 | 0.400 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
White blood count (/mm3) | 0.0002 | (−0.00004, 0.0004) | 1.65 | 0.103 |
Neutrophils percentage (%) | 0.0373 | (0.002, 0.072) | 2.11 | 0.038 |
Leukocytes percentage (%) | −0.072 | (−0.108, −0.036) | −4.03 | <0.001 |
Platelets (/mm3) | 4.25 × 10−6 | (−9.90 × 10−7, 9.49 × 10−6) | 1.62 | 0.110 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | −0.025 | (−0.05, −0.001) | −2.35 | 0.041 |
Urea (mg/dL) | −0.053 | (−0.091, −0.01) | −2.84 | 0.006 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.0009 | (−0.007, 0.009) | 0.22 | 0.824 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.009 | (−0.002, 0.02) | 1.54 | 0.128 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.004 | (−0.021, 0.03) | 0.37 | 0.712 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.021 | (0.006, 0.036) | 2.90 | 0.005 |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | 0.004 | (−0.004, 0.013) | 1.01 | 0.319 |
Px | Beta | (95% C.I. of Beta) | T-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and anthropometric parameters | ||||
Gender (female) | 0.179 | (−0.012, 0.483) | 1.18 | 0.242 |
Chronological age (years) | −0.058 | (−0.1006, −0.015) | −2.73 | 0.008 |
Tanner (II–V) | −0.124 | (−0.258, 0.009) | −1.86 | 0.067 |
Height (cm) | −0.01 | (−0.016, −0.004) | −3.30 | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | −0.013 | (−0.022, −0.003) | −2.83 | 0.006 |
Waist circumference (cm) | −0.016 | (−0.0303, −0.0019) | −2.27 | 0.026 |
Hip circumference (cm) | −0.013 | (−0.0309, 0.003) | −1.62 | 0.109 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.022 | (−0.747, 0.792) | 0.06 | 0.954 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.048 | (0.013, 0.082) | 2.80 | 0.006 |
ΒΜΙ (Kg/m2) | −0.056 | (−0.096, −0.017) | −2.86 | 0.005 |
z score BMI (SD) | −0.109 | (−0.271, 0.053) | −1.34 | 0.184 |
Fat mass percentage (%) | −0.703 | (−2.7499, 1.34305) | −0.68 | 0.496 |
Muscle mass (kg) | −0.013 | (−0.024, −0.002) | −2.38 | 0.020 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.001 | (−0.101, 0.10364) | 0.03 | 0.980 |
Mean annual HbA1c (%) | −0.006 | (−0.118, 0.104) | −0.12 | 0.904 |
Number of daily glucose measurements | 0.012 | (−0.029, 0.054) | 0.59 | 0.558 |
Number of weekly hypoglycemic episodes | −0.003 | (−0.026, 0.019) | −0.31 | 0.755 |
Insulin (units/kg per day) | −0.064 | (−0.698, 0.569) | −0.20 | 0.840 |
T1D duration (years) | −0.036 | (−0.073, 0.0008) | −1.95 | 0.055 |
Family situation * (family members living with the patient) | 0.163 | (−0.049, 0.377) | 1.53 | 0.131 |
Insulin regime ** (mode of insulin administration) | 0.113 | (−0.205, 0.431) | 0.71 | 0.481 |
Physical activity (7 days total steps count) | 5.71 × 10−7 | (−5.80 × 10−6, 6.94 × 10−6) | 0.18 | 0.859 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
White blood count (/mm3) | −0.00004 | (−0.0001, 0.00006) | −0.85 | 0.398 |
Neutrophils percentage (%) | −0.013 | (−0.028, 0. 002) | −1.71 | 0.091 |
Leukocytes percentage (%) | 0.004 | (−0.012, 0.021) | 0.50 | 0.621 |
Platelets (/mm3) | 1.95 × 10−6 | (−2.16 × 10−7, 4.11 × 10−6) | 1.79 | 0.077 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | −0.014 | (−0.023, −0.005) | −3.58 | 0.005 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −0.002 | (−0.006, 0.0007) | −1.61 | 0.113 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.0008 | (−0.004, 0.006) | 0.30 | 0.762 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.002 | (−0.009, 0.013) | 0.41 | 0.683 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.0005 | (−0.006, 0.007) | 0.14 | 0.886 |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | −0.001 | (−0.006, 0.002) | −0.84 | 0.407 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 0.003 | (−0.014, 0.02) | 0.36 | 0.717 |
Px | Beta | (95% C.I. of Beta) | T-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and anthropometric parameters | ||||
Gender (female) | 0.234 | (−0.31, 0.783) | 0.85 | 0.399 |
Chronological age (years) | 0.137 | (0.063, 0.211) | 3.70 | <0.001 |
Tanner (II–V) | 0.398 | (0.169, 0.627) | 3.46 | 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 0.014 | (0.002, 0.026) | 2.39 | 0.019 |
Weight (kg) | 0.035 | (0.019, 0.051) | 4.42 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.045 | (0.021, 0.069) | 3.76 | <0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 0.061 | (0.033, 0.089) | 4.36 | <0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | −0.847 | (−2.2195, 0.52508) | −1.23 | 0.223 |
Waist to height ratio | −0.055 | (−0.119, 0.007) | −1.75 | 0.085 |
ΒΜΙ (Kg/m2) | 0.186 | (0.124, 0.247) | 5.99 | <0.001 |
z-score BMI (SD) | 0.4694 | (0.193, 0.745) | 3.38 | 0.001 |
Fat mass percentage (%) | 5.2859 | (1.7809, 8.79103) | 3.00 | 0.004 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 0.027 | (0.007, 0.048) | 2.71 | 0.008 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.228 | (0.0504, 0.406) | 2.55 | 0.013 |
Mean annual HbA1c (%) | 0.258 | (0.066, 0.449) | 2.68 | 0.009 |
Number of daily glucose measurements | −0.09 | (−0.172, −0.02) | −2.74 | 0.008 |
Number of weekly hypoglycemic episodes | −0.016 | (−0.057, 0.024) | −0.82 | 0.415 |
Insulin (units/kg per day) | −0.158 | (−1.301, 0.98) | −0.28 | 0.784 |
T1D duration | 0.064 | (−0.001, 0.131) | 1.93 | 0.057 |
Family situation * (family members living with the patient) | 0.131 | (−0.258, 0.521) | 0.67 | 0.503 |
Insulin regime ** (mode of insulin administration) | 0.11 | (−0.464, 0.685) | 0.38 | 0.704 |
Physical activity (7 days total steps count) | 3.98 × 10−6 | (−7.48 × 10−6, 0.00001) | 0.69 | 0.492 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
White blood count (/mm3) | 0.0001 | (−0.00005, 0.0003) | 1.45 | 0.152 |
Neutrophils percentage (%) | 0.0321 | (0.006, 0.058) | 2.45 | 0.017 |
Leukocytes percentage (%) | −0.0219 | (−0.0502, 0.0064) | −1.54 | 0.128 |
Platelets (/mm3) | 2.71 × 10−6 | (−1.45 × 10−6, 6.88 × 10−6) | 1.30 | 0.199 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 0.0012 | (−0.0179, 0.0204) | 0.15 | 0.886 |
Urea (mg/dL) | −0.0141 | (−0.045, 0.017) | −0.90 | 0.370 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.0016 | (−0.004, 0.008) | 0.52 | 0.607 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.003 | (−0.007, 0.013) | 0.59 | 0.558 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.009 | (−0.029, 0.011) | −0.89 | 0.374 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.011 | (−0.001, 0.023) | 1.83 | 0.072 |
Lp(a) (mg/dL) | −0.002 | (−0.011, 0.005) | −0.68 | 0.501 |
Multiple Model Factor of Interest | Overall Model F, R2, DF, p | Factor Beta (95% C.I.) | Factor SE | Factor T-Statistic | Factor p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle mass | |||||
Regression equation Muscle mass = −0.69 + 2.21 × z score BMI −8.24 × gender + 1.47 × age + 3.67 × Tanner + 0.26 × waist circumference | |||||
z score BMI (SD) | 114.28, 0.8867, 78, <0.001 | 2.21 (0.69, 3.74) | 0.764 | 2.90 | 0.005 |
Gender (female) | −8.24 (−10.54, −5.94) | 1.152 | −7.15 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | 1.47 (0.912, 2.033) | 0.281 | 5.24 | <0.001 | |
Tanner (II–V) | 3.67 (2.07, 5.28) | 0.805 | 4.56 | <0.001 | |
Waist (cm) | 0.26 (0.098, 0.429) | 0.082 | 3.18 | 0.002 |
Multiple Model Factor of Interest | Overall Model F, R2, DF, p | Factor Beta (95% C.I.) | Factor SE | Factor T-Statistic | Factor p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fat mass percentage (%) | |||||
Regression equation Fat mass percentage = 0.072 + 0.08 × gender + 0.03 × z-score BMI −3.9 × 107 × total steps −0.15 × 1/IL6 + 0.007 × squared leptin | |||||
Gender (female) | 51.26, 0.7760, 79, <0.001 | 0.0895 (0.06909, 0.10994) | 0.01025 | 8.73 | <0.001 |
z score BMI (SD) | 0.03997 (0.2993, 0.05001) | 0.0050387 | 7.93 | <0.001 | |
Physical activity (7 days total steps count) | −3.90 × 10−7 (−7.33 × 10−7, −4.66 × 10−8) | 1.72 × 10−7 | −2.26 | 0.027 | |
Inverse IL-6 | −0.1572 (2,745,324, −0.0399454) | 0.05886 | −2.67 | 0.009 | |
Squared leptin | 0.0077 (0.00076, 0.01464) | 0.00348 | 2.21 | 0.030 |
Multiple Model Factor of Interest | Overall Model F, R2, DF, p | Factor Beta (95% C.I.) | Factor SE | Factor T-Statistic | Factor p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin (squared leptin) | |||||
Regression equation Squared leptin = −5.0 + 0.04 × age + 1.50 × gender −0.04 × weight + 0.35 × BMI | |||||
Age (years) | 19.66, 0.51, 79, <0.001 | 0.043 (−0.08, 0.16) | 0.06 | 0.7 | 0.487 |
Gender (female) | 1.50 (0.96, 2.04) | 0.27 | 5.55 | <0.001 | |
Weight (kg) | −0.049 (−0.098, −0.0001) | 0.024 | −2.0 | 0.049 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.351 (0.195, 0.506) | 0.078 | 4.5 | <0.001 | |
Adiponectin (log Adiponectin) | |||||
Regression equation Log adiponectin = 10.88−0.053 × age + 0.043 × waist to height ratio | |||||
Age (years) | 7.39, 0.16, 78, 0.0012 | −0.53 (−0.095, −0.011) | 0.021 | −2.53 | 0.014 |
waist/height | 0.043 (0.010, 0.077) | 0.016 | 2.62 | 0.011 | |
hs-CRP (log hs-CRP) | |||||
Regression equation Log hs-CRP = 3.99 + 0.15 × age + 0.53 × z score BMI | |||||
Age (years) | 17.67, 0.31, 79, <0.001 | 0.154 (0.087, 0.222) | 0.033 | 4.58 | <0.001 |
z score BMI (SD) | 0.537 (0.288, 0.785) | 0.124 | 4.31 | <0.001 |
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Kaza, M.; Tsentidis, C.; Vlachopapadopoulou, E.; Sakou, I.-I.; Karanasios, S.; Mastorakos, G.; Karavanaki, K. The Effect of Metabolic Profile on Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Children 2022, 9, 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081162
Kaza M, Tsentidis C, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Sakou I-I, Karanasios S, Mastorakos G, Karavanaki K. The Effect of Metabolic Profile on Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Children. 2022; 9(8):1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081162
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaza, Maria, Charalampos Tsentidis, Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou, Irine-Ikbale Sakou, Spyridon Karanasios, George Mastorakos, and Kyriaki Karavanaki. 2022. "The Effect of Metabolic Profile on Leptin, Adiponectin, and hs-CRP in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes" Children 9, no. 8: 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081162