Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MOS Gas Sensor for Lung Cancer Biomarker VOCs
2.1. Working Mechanism
2.2. Candidate Materials
2.3. Single MOS Gas Sensor and Performance Improvement Strategy
2.3.1. Structures and Gas-Sensing Performance
2.3.2. Noble Metal Modification and Gas Sensing Performance
2.3.3. Improve the Humidity Resistance
2.4. Sensor Array and Pattern Recognition
3. Summary and Outlook
- Clinical diagnosis. At present, the biomarkers of the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients have not been determined, which limits the application of MOS gas sensors in diagnosing lung cancer. We urgently need a single exhaled VOC, or a unified group of VOCs, as a standard marker for lung cancer to establish a highly reliable “breath prints” comparative database, which can significantly improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis.
- Materials. The prerequisite for the pattern recognition of the sensor array is that MOS responds to low-concentration VOCs gas; therefore, the LOD of MOS needs to be further reduced. The high-humidity environment of exhaled breath and MOS’s high-working temperature seriously affect its stability and repeatability; thus, it is necessary to develop better humidity-resistant and lower working-temperature MOS materials.
- Algorithms. Deep learning algorithms based on olfactory recognition are needed to identify gases accurately in complex environments. Although still in its early stages, this technology has demonstrated strong recognition ability in other fields. Collaborating with sensor arrays is essential to achieve precise gas identification.
- Devices. The collaborative design and manufacturing of gas sensors using MEMS and CMOS technology reduces their size. Multiple sensors are integrated into a sensor array, and data processing modules enable chip-level packaging and manufacturing.
- Mechanisms. Understanding the gas-sensing mechanism involves complex chemical reactions, which are still not fully understood. Further research can improve the sensor’s performance, address selectivity, and stability issues, and guide the development of gas-sensing materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Gas | Material and Structure | Concentration | Temperature (°C) | Response | Res/Rec Time (s) | LOD | Interference Gas | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzene | Co-Al2O3 | 5/10/50 ppm | 100/100/100 | 1.66/2.53/21.86 | 1.95/2.18, 2.23/2.59, 2.87/3.15 | - | - | [151] |
Benzene | 2Rh-TiO2/SnO2, dual- layer sensor | 5 ppm | 325 | 35 | - | - | - | [129] |
Toluene | WO3 mesoporous nanofibers | 1 ppm | 350 | 11 | 8.56/9.2 | 100 ppb | H2, H2S, CO, ethanol, NH3, CH4 | [152] |
Toluene | ln2O3 | 50 ppm | 27 | 9 | 26/28 | - | methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-butanol, and benzene | [153] |
Toluene | WO3 porous nanostructure | 100 ppm | 225 | 132 | 2/6 | - | methanol, acetone, glycol, formaldehyde, ethanol, C2H2, NH3, NO2, and CO | [154] |
Toluene | Pd-SnO2 CNPs | 1 ppb | 250 | 3 | - | 200 ppt | O2, H2, N2 | [124] |
Toluene | Pd-SnO2 CNPs | 7.9 ppb | 250 | 15 | - | 7 ppt | Air | [125] |
Toluene | 1Rh-TiO2/SnO2, dual- layer | 5 ppm | 325 | 103 | - | - | - | [129] |
Toluene | SnO2@SnO2 yolk-shell cuboctahedra | 20 ppm | 250 | 28.6 | 1.8/4.1 | - | benzene, methanol, acetone, and ethanol | [120] |
Toluene | Three-, two-, one-layer hollow cubic SnO2 | 20 ppm | 250 | 38.7, 33.4, 22.1 | 0.8/6.1, 2.3/5.8, 2.0/6.5 | - | - | [121] |
Toluene | Pd-loaded SnO2 cubic cages | 20 ppm | 230 | 41.4 | 0.4/16.5 | 100 ppb | - | [119] |
Toluene | SnO2/NiO nanoparticle | 100 ppm | 250 | 66.2 | - | 10 ppb | - | [155] |
Xylene | 0.5Rh-TiO2/SnO2, dual-layer | 5 ppm | 325 | 120 | - | - | - | [129] |
Xylene | Pt/SnO2 nanosheet flowers | 200 ppm | 200 | 154 | 29/47 | - | - | [156] |
Xylene | Co3O4-SnO2 hollow nanostructures | 5 ppm | 275 | 18.6 | 243/- | - | ethanol, toluene | [157] |
Xylene | CoWO4-Co3O4 heterojunctions composites | 100 ppm | 200 | 51.6 | - | 300 ppb | ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, acetone, NH3, NO2, H2O | [158] |
Styrene | Pt-SnO2/α-Fe2O3 hollow nanospheres | 1 ppm | 206 | 10.56 | 3/15 | 50 ppb | - | [159] |
Isoprene | In2O3 nanoflowers | 500 ppb | 190 | 3.1 | 53/299 | 5 ppb | NH3, ethanol, H2, CO | [160] |
Isoprene | ZnO quantum dots | 1 ppm | 350 | 42 | 42/8 | 10 ppb | - | [161] |
Isoprene | In2O3/nanoparticles | 1 ppm | 350 | 231 | 3/35–200 | 1 ppb | acetone, H2, CO2, CO, CH4, | [162] |
Isoprene | Pt-decorated In2O3/microspheres | 5 ppm | 200 | 103.5 | 124/204 | 5 ppb | H2O, CO, H2, ethanol, ammonia | [144] |
Isoprene | 1 wt%Cr2O3/In2O3 nanorods clusters | 500 ppb | 240 | 1.9 | 135/830 | 5 ppb | benzene, acetone, octane, pentane, ethanol, NH3, NO2 | [163] |
Hexanal | MnO2/Ti3C2Tx | 20 ppm | 100 | 52 | 134/381 | - | - | [164] |
Hexanal | In2O3 nanoparticle | 50 ppm | 300 | 18 | - | - | - | [165] |
Hexanal | CuO nanoflake | 200 ppm | 250 | 3.7 | - | 1.85 ppm | linalool, methyl salicylate | [166] |
Hexanal | ZnO nanoparticle | 5 ppm | 250 | 2.12 | - | - | 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol | [167] |
Nonanal | Ru-W18049 urchin-like | 30 ppm | RT | 16.1 | 25/154 | - | SO2, H2S, CO, NH3, ethanol, acetone, | [168] |
Nonanal | Sb2WO6 hierarchical microspheres | 30 ppm | RT | 62 | 32/145 | 1.6 ppm | C8H16O, C9H14O, C6H12O, C10H18O | [169] |
Nonanal | SnO2 nanosheets | 0.1/0.3 ppm | 250 | 1.383/2 | - | - | CO, NO2, acetone, H2, ethanol, NH3, H2S, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butanal | [170] |
Butanone | Ce-SnO2 cuboids | 20 ppm | 175 | 23.9 | 20/- | 500 ppb | ethanol, toluene, acetone | [171] |
Butanone | Pt-ZnO twin-rods | 100 ppm | 450 | 35.3 | 8/- | - | - | [172] |
Butanone | Cr2O3/WO3 nanosheets | 100 ppm | 180 | 40.51 | 9/15 | - | - | [173] |
Butanone | 1 at% Ce-SnO2 thin films | 100 ppm | 210 | 181 | - | - | - | [174] |
Butanone | ZnO small size | 100 ppm | 350 | 151 | 4.5/5 | 200 ppb | chlorobenzene, vinyl benzene, xylene, toluene, benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde | [175] |
Butanone | WO3 urchin-like mesoporous | 50 ppm | 240 | 188.5 | 7/13 | 100 ppb | - | [176] |
Butanone | Ag-modified NiO porous spherical | 100 ppb | 320 | 3.2 | 5.5/8 | 50 ppb | Formaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde | [177] |
Acetone | Ru-NiO flower-like microspheres | 100 ppm | 200 | 12 | 71/23 | - | ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, benzene | [178] |
Acetone | TiO2/SnO2 | 100 ppm | 300 | 301.5 | - | 20 ppb | ethanol, acetone, NO2 | [179] |
Acetone | PtCu-SnO2 | 5 ppm | 240 | 27.8 | - | 5 ppb | ethanol, toulene, pentane | [180] |
Acetone | Pt-ZnO-SnO2 porous nanofibers | 100 ppm | 170 | 104.26 | - | - | C7H8, benzene, C3H6O | [181] |
1-Propanol | Co-ZnO nanorods | 100 ppm | 250 | 491 | 2/19 | 10 ppb | formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, ethanol, triethylamine, 2-Propanol, benzene, ammonia, glacial acetic acid, formic acid | [182] |
1-Propanol | ZnSnO3 nanospheres | 10 ppm | 200 | 10.3 | 10/90 | 500 ppb | acetone, xylene, ammonia, hydrogen, methane | [183] |
1-Propanol | ZnO/NiO one-dimensional chain MOF | 500 ppm | 275 | 280.2 | 31.5/18.2 | 200 ppb | methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, hexanol, acetone | [184] |
1-Propanol | PdO-ZnSnO3 hollow microspheres | 100 ppm | 140 | 30.8 | 1/25 | - | formaldehyde, ethanol, acetone, xylene, methanol, ammonia | [185] |
1-Propanol | ZnO nanoparticles | 40 ppm | 125 | 6.6 | 190/200 | - | H2O, ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene | [186] |
1-Propanol | Cu2O double-shell hollow microspheres | 100 ppm | 187 | 11 | 50/40 | 10 ppm | acetone, carbon monoxide, ethyne, formaldehyde, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol | [187] |
1-Propanol | NiO porous nanoparticles | 20 ppb | 75 | 1.59 | - | 20 ppb | ethanol, propanol, toluene, methane, NO2 | [188] |
2-Propanol | 10 at% Co-ZnO nanoflower | 5 ppm | 225 | 22.5 | 330/475 | / | N2, O2, CO2, acetaldehyde, isoprene, ethanol, acetone, methanol | [189] |
2-Propanol | Fe-doped ZnO | 250 ppb | 275 | 4.7 | 51/762 | 250 ppb | H2O, ethanol, acetone, methanol | [190] |
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Li, G.; Zhu, X.; Liu, J.; Li, S.; Liu, X. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040251
Li G, Zhu X, Liu J, Li S, Liu X. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Chemosensors. 2023; 11(4):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040251
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Guangyao, Xitong Zhu, Junlong Liu, Shuyang Li, and Xiaolong Liu. 2023. "Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis" Chemosensors 11, no. 4: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040251