Spatial Accuracy and Variability in Dart Throwing in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and the Relationship with Ball Skill Items
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2)
2.4. Performance and Fitness Test (PERF-FIT)
2.5. Dart-Throwing Test
Score Calculations
2.6. Statistical Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Dart Throw Measurements
3.3. The PERF-FIT Measures
3.4. Associations between Dart Performance and Ball-Skill Items
4. Discussion
4.1. DCD and Aiming
4.2. DCD and Ball Skills
4.3. Practical Implications
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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s-DCD (n = 65) | m-DCD (n = 45) | TD (n = 55) | Statistics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F-Value | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 9.05 | 0.82 | 8.93 | 0.86 | 9.07 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.68 |
Height (m) | 1.38 | 0.06 | 1.38 | 0.06 | 1.39 | 0.07 | 1.27 | 0.28 |
Weight (kg) | 38.3 | 4.47 | 34.3 | 4.93 | 31.8 | 4.54 | 30.45 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg m2) | 20.03 | 1.18 | 17.62 | 2.95 | 16.25 | 1.25 | 30.96 | <0.001 |
Total Standard Scores | 3.7 | 0.8 | 6.4 | 0.5 | 9.60 | 1.1 | 711.35 | <0.001 |
Manual Dexterity | 5.0 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 0.9 | 9.4 | 1.0 | 265.19 | <0.001 |
Aiming and Catching | 5.1 | 1.3 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 10.1 | 1.4 | 252.52 | <0.001 |
Balance | 4.8 | 0.9 | 7.1 | 0.9 | 9.5 | 1.2 | 58.41 | <0.001 |
Group | n | % Boys | % Girls |
---|---|---|---|
TD | 55 | 49.1 | 50.9 |
m-DCD | 45 | 57.8 | 42.2 |
s-DCD | 65 | 47.7 | 52.3 |
Total | 165 | 50.9 | 49.1 |
s-DCD (n = 65) | m-DCD (n = 45) | TD (n = 55) | 3 Groups | TD/m-DCD | TD/s-DCD | m-DCD/s-DCD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Eta Squared | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
Dart Score Short | 2.87 | 0.39 | 3.70 | 0.63 | 4.15 | 0.79 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 2.11 | 1.64 |
Dart Score Long | 2.30 | 0.38 | 3.36 | 0.45 | 3.49 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 2.44 | 2.58 |
s-DCD (n = 65) | m-DCD (n = 45) | TD (n = 55) | 3 Groups | TD/m-DCD | TD/s-DCD | m-DCD/s-DCD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Eta Squared | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
CV Short | 0.64 | 0.22 | 0.44 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.27 | −0.30 | −1.29 | −1.03 |
CV Long | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.47 | −0.33 | −1.97 | −1.73 |
s-DCD (n = 65) | m-DCD (n = 45) | TD (n = 55) | Statistics | 3 Groups | TD/m-DCD | TD/s-DCD | m-DCD/s-DCD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p-Value | Eta Squared | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
Bouncing and Catching (#) | 38.40 | 1.82 | 40.60 | 2.04 | 42.49 | 2.36 | 58.41 | <0.001 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 1.96 | 1.15 |
Throwing and Catching (#) | 36.02 | 2.33 | 39.24 | 3.23 | 42.64 | 2.71 | 88.09 | <0.001 | 0.52 | 1.15 | 2.64 | 1.18 |
Overhead Throw (cm) | 208.0 | 11.5 | 231.6 | 20.5 | 244.5 | 13.6 | 90.19 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 2.92 | 1.49 |
Pearson Correlation | Dart Score Short | CV Short | Dart Score Long | CV Long | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All children n = 165 | PERF-FIT | ||||
Bouncing and catching | 0.36 ** | −0.35 ** | 0.47 ** | −0.45 ** | |
Throwing and catching | 0.39 ** | −0.39 ** | 0.52 ** | −0.51 ** | |
Overhead Throw | 0.38 ** | −0.41 ** | 0.49 ** | −0.51 ** | |
MABC-2 | |||||
Catching | 0.41 ** | −0.36 ** | 0.49 ** | −0.50 ** | |
Aiming | 0.42 ** | −0.34 ** | 0.46 ** | −0.46 ** |
Dependent Variable | Predictor | Adjusted R2 in % | B | t | p | Model Fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Throwing (MABC-2) | CV long-distance | 26.9 | −1.97 | −2.77 | 0.006 | F 31.2, p <0.001 |
Score long-distance | 0.60 | 2.43 | 0.016 | |||
Aiming (MABC-2) | CV long-distance | 22.9 | −1.75 | −2.49 | 0.015 | F 25.35, p <0.001 |
Score long-distance | 0.55 | 2.23 | 0.027 | |||
Bouncing and Catching (PERF-FIT) | Score long-distance | 22.8 | 1.09 | 2.67 | 0.008 | F 25.28, p <0.001 |
CV long-distance | −2.38 | −2.11 | 0.046 | |||
Throwing and Catching(PERF-FIT) | Score long-distance | 28.6 | 1.61 | 2.84 | 0.005 | F 33.8, p <0.001 |
CV long-distance | −4.24 | −2.58 | 0.011 | |||
Overhead throw (PERF-FIT) | CV long-distance | 26.7 | −27.57 | −2.97 | 0.003 | F 31.11, p <0.001 |
Score long-distance | 7.11 | 2.22 | 0.028 |
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Farhat, F.; Ammar, A.; Mezghani, N.; Kammoun, M.M.; Trabelsi, K.; Jahrami, H.; Gharbi, A.; Sallemi, L.; Rebai, H.; Moalla, W.; et al. Spatial Accuracy and Variability in Dart Throwing in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and the Relationship with Ball Skill Items. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14040067
Farhat F, Ammar A, Mezghani N, Kammoun MM, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H, Gharbi A, Sallemi L, Rebai H, Moalla W, et al. Spatial Accuracy and Variability in Dart Throwing in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and the Relationship with Ball Skill Items. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(4):1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14040067
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarhat, Faiçal, Achraf Ammar, Nourhen Mezghani, Mohamed Moncef Kammoun, Khaled Trabelsi, Haitham Jahrami, Adnene Gharbi, Lassad Sallemi, Haithem Rebai, Wassim Moalla, and et al. 2024. "Spatial Accuracy and Variability in Dart Throwing in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and the Relationship with Ball Skill Items" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 4: 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14040067