Exploring Varied (Green) Extraction Methods to Optimize Galia Melon Peel Antioxidant Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Galia Melon Collection and Extraction Procedure
2.3. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimization of Extraction and Experiment Design
2.4. Analyses of Extracts and HPLC-Based Analysis of the Various Polyphenolic Compounds
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction Optimization
3.2. Analysis of the Extracts
3.2.1. TPC of the Extracts
3.2.2. Polyphenolic Compounds of the Optimal Extract
3.2.3. Antioxidant Properties of the Extracts
3.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Correlation Analysis (MCA)
3.4. Partial Least Squares (PLS) Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variables | Code Units | Coded Variable Level | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Technique | X1 | ST | PEF + ST | US + ST | PEF + US + ST | – |
C (%, v/v) | X2 | 0 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 |
t (min) | X3 | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 |
T (°C) | X4 | 20 | 35 | 50 | 65 | 80 |
Design Point | Independent Variables | Responses | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC (mg GAE/g dw) | FRAP (μmol AAE/g dw) | DPPH (μmol AAE/g dw) | ||||||||
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Actual | Predicted | Actual | Predicted | Actual | Predicted | |
1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.39 | 2.38 | 14.66 | 14.82 | 15.83 | 15.81 |
2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2.81 | 2.86 | 17.08 | 17.51 | 20.35 | 20.61 |
3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3.28 | 3.19 | 23.28 | 23.27 | 24.71 | 23.61 |
4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2.87 | 2.92 | 22.62 | 22.37 | 24.57 | 27.13 |
5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1.40 | 1.35 | 11.29 | 10.90 | 12.42 | 12.59 |
6 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2.12 | 2.16 | 14.06 | 14.11 | 3.38 | 4.04 |
7 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2.81 | 2.79 | 16.96 | 16.91 | 7.97 | 8.77 |
8 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3.56 | 3.65 | 23.45 | 23.91 | 23.90 | 26.13 |
9 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3.30 | 3.28 | 17.53 | 17.52 | 34.72 | 33.86 |
10 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1.80 | 1.75 | 13.46 | 13.26 | 5.68 | 5.12 |
11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.07 | 3.12 | 18.54 | 18.44 | 23.25 | 24.70 |
12 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 3.72 | 3.67 | 23.25 | 23.18 | 39.85 | 38.40 |
13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3.17 | 3.08 | 17.93 | 17.36 | 16.74 | 14.25 |
14 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2.19 | 2.16 | 15.87 | 15.87 | 20.02 | 22.04 |
15 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1.59 | 1.67 | 14.59 | 14.94 | 22.27 | 21.36 |
16 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.73 | 2.66 | 26.02 | 25.86 | 34.31 | 33.97 |
17 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.96 | 2.97 | 23.78 | 23.58 | 26.58 | 23.96 |
18 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2.53 | 2.58 | 16.60 | 16.68 | 20.06 | 20.06 |
19 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2.53 | 2.60 | 20.18 | 20.40 | 17.16 | 18.28 |
20 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1.55 | 1.54 | 12.65 | 12.92 | 2.90 | 2.01 |
Design Point | Independent Variables | Responses | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | GA | NCA | CA | CGA | ECA | KA | Total Identified | |
1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.13 | 5.12 | 87.50 | 137.45 | 3.34 | 4.44 | 237.98 |
2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0.92 | 255.76 | 23.88 | 157.22 | 2.36 | 4.24 | 444.38 |
3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4.18 | 476.57 | 51.73 | 370.62 | 3.56 | 7.30 | 913.97 |
4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2.35 | 280.75 | 95.52 | 185.51 | 1.39 | 6.18 | 571.70 |
5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0.66 | 19.55 | 8.92 | 22.79 | 0.26 | 4.60 | 56.77 |
6 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3.44 | 36.03 | 32.64 | 98.92 | 1.06 | 5.03 | 177.11 |
7 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5.39 | 106.37 | 21.39 | 156.42 | 2.23 | 4.21 | 296.00 |
8 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4.82 | 240.19 | 23.14 | 184.11 | 2.36 | 4.73 | 459.35 |
9 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 8.85 | 201.18 | 53.83 | 81.10 | 0.39 | 4.47 | 349.82 |
10 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2.46 | 40.79 | 71.76 | 54.26 | 0.11 | 4.96 | 174.34 |
11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.71 | 177.88 | 51.64 | 215.33 | 3.52 | 5.01 | 459.09 |
12 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 0.54 | 769.61 | 83.31 | 33.06 | 4.91 | 5.95 | 897.38 |
13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3.34 | 250.22 | 318.80 | 24.77 | 2.95 | 4.41 | 604.48 |
14 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1.04 | 118.27 | 38.07 | 83.41 | 0.70 | 5.17 | 246.67 |
15 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0.15 | 76.00 | 146.44 | 69.51 | 0.00 | 4.91 | 297.01 |
16 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.85 | 515.30 | 56.85 | 20.76 | 3.79 | 5.37 | 603.92 |
17 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.39 | 37.11 | 87.73 | 26.52 | 7.26 | 4.59 | 163.60 |
18 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0.90 | 152.16 | 13.75 | 145.26 | 2.08 | 4.23 | 318.38 |
19 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0.15 | 180.53 | 70.30 | 117.31 | 0.59 | 4.63 | 373.50 |
20 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0.13 | 15.45 | 6.13 | 32.82 | 0.17 | 4.92 | 59.63 |
Responses | Second-Order Polynomial Equations (Models) | R2 | R2 Adjusted | p-Value | Eq. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | Y = 3.09 − 0.93X1 + 0.48X2 + 0.44X3 + 0.05X4 + 0.2X12 − 0.17X22 + 0.01X32 − 0.08X42 − 0.003X1X2 − 0.16X1X3 + 0.06X1X4 − 0.003X2X3 + 0.09X2X4 − 0.002X3X4 | 0.9932 | 0.9740 | 0.0002 | (1) |
FRAP | Y = 35.69 − 2.71X1 + 1.62X2 + 0.46X3 − 7.6X4 − 0.44X12 − 0.8X22 + 0.24X32 − 0.74X42 + 0.61X1X2 − 0.45X1X3 + 1.17X1X4 − 1.16X2X3 + 1.38X2X4 + 1.27X3X4 | 0.9962 | 0.9855 | <0.0001 | (2) |
DPPH | Y = 46.52 + 4.91X1 − 9.79X2 + 5.98X3 − 13.71X4 − 1.59X12 + 0.2X22 + 0.78X32 + 1.01X42 + 1.56X1X2 − 3.82X1X3 + 1.51X1X4 − 0.02X2X3 + 1.07X2X4 − 0.03X3X4 | 0.9798 | 0.9231 | 0.0027 | (3) |
Responses | Optimal Conditions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum Predicted Response | Technique (X1) | C (%, v/v) (X2) | t (min) (X3) | T (°C) (X4) | |
TPC (mg GAE/g dw) | 4.0 ± 0.3 | ST (1) | 50 (3) | 120 (4) | 50 (3) |
FRAP (μmol AAE/g dw) | 26 ± 2 | PEF + ST (2) | 0 (1) | 30 (1) | 20 (1) |
DPPH (μmol AAE/g dw) | 38 ± 7 | ST (1) | 25 (2) | 150 (5) | 80 (5) |
Variables | PLS Model Values | Experimental Values |
---|---|---|
TPC (mg GAE/g dw) | 3.75 | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
FRAP (μmol AAE/g dw) | 25.77 | 26.4 ± 0.5 |
DPPH (μmol AAE/g dw) | 37.44 | 36.8 ± 0.8 |
Polyphenolic Compounds | Optimal Extract (μg/g dw) |
---|---|
Gallic acid | 6.0 ± 0.3 |
Neochlorogenic acid | 314 ± 17 |
Catechin | 472 ± 22 |
Chlorogenic acid | 32 ± 2 |
Epicatechin | 3.8 ± 0.2 |
Kaempferol | 346 ± 12 |
Total identified | 1173 ± 53 |
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Dimtsas, V.; Douma, A.; Soukia, D.; Chatzimitakos, T.; Athanasiadis, V.; Kotsou, K.; Bozinou, E.; Lalas, S.I. Exploring Varied (Green) Extraction Methods to Optimize Galia Melon Peel Antioxidant Potential. Separations 2024, 11, 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050135
Dimtsas V, Douma A, Soukia D, Chatzimitakos T, Athanasiadis V, Kotsou K, Bozinou E, Lalas SI. Exploring Varied (Green) Extraction Methods to Optimize Galia Melon Peel Antioxidant Potential. Separations. 2024; 11(5):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050135
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimtsas, Vassileios, Anastasia Douma, Dimitra Soukia, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Konstantina Kotsou, Eleni Bozinou, and Stavros I. Lalas. 2024. "Exploring Varied (Green) Extraction Methods to Optimize Galia Melon Peel Antioxidant Potential" Separations 11, no. 5: 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050135