Developments of Waveguide Lasers by Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Technology in Optical Waveguide
3. Development of Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Optical Waveguide Laser
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gain media | Working Wavelength (nm) | Cavity Configuration | Lasing Threshold (mW) | Maximum Output Power (mW) | Slope Efficiency (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pr,Mg:SrAl12O19 | 525.3 | dual–line | 1088 | 36 | – | [23] |
Pr:LiLuF4 | 604 | ear–like cadding | – | 278 | 40 | [37] |
Pr:SrAl12O19 | 643.9 | dual–line | 190 | 28.1 | 8 | [38] |
Ti:sapphire | 798.5 | dual–line | 84 | 143 | 23.5 | [39] |
Yb:YAG | 1030 | cadding | 43 | 410 | 15.2 | [40] |
dual–line | – | 5.7 W | 78 | [41] | ||
dual–line | – | 765 | 75 | [42] | ||
double–cladding | – | 80.2 | 62.9 | [43] | ||
Y–branch dual–line | 271 | 2.29 W | 52 | [28] | ||
Nd:YAG | 1064 | Y–branch cladding | – | 231 | 22 | [29] |
dual–line | 63 | 1.29 | 59 | [44] | ||
1 × 4 splitters | 90 | 217 | 22 | [45] | ||
Nd:GGG | 1061 | dual–line | 29 | 11 | 25 | [46] |
1063 | cladding | 270 | 209 | 44.4 | [47] | |
Nd:GdVO4 | 1063.6 | dual–line | – | 256 | 70 | [48] |
Nd:YVO4 | 1064 | cladding | – | 1.5 | 28 | [49] |
1065 | cladding | 59 | 443 | 57 | [30] | |
Nd:LuVO4 | 1066.4 | dual–line | 98 | 30 | 14 | [50] |
Nd:KGW | 1065 | dual–line | 141 | 33 | 52.3 | [51] |
1067 | cladding | 140 | 198.5 | 39.4 | [52] | |
Nd:YAP | 1064 and 1079 | cladding | 243 | 199.8 | 33.4 | [53] |
Er–Yb co–doped phosphate glass | 1533.5 | Type–I | 335 | 1.7 | 2 | [36] |
Tm:Klu(WO4)2 | 1912 | cladding | 21 | 46 | 15.2 | [54] |
Tm,Ho:YLF | 2050 | cladding | 181 | 47.5 | 20.1 | [55] |
Ho:YLF | 1877 | cladding | 107.1 | – | 19 | [56] |
Cr:ZnS | 2244 | spiral cladding | 29.17 | 78 | 8.6 | [31] |
Er:YliF4 | 2808 | cladding | – | 66 | 19.6 | [57] |
Material | Working Wavelength (nm) | SA | Cavity Configuration | Operation Regime | Repetition Rate | Pulse Duration | Slope Efficiency (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti:sapphire | 798.5 | graphene | Dual line | CWML | 21.25 GHz | 41.4 fs | – | [26] |
Yb:YAG | 1030 | SWCNT–SAM | Dual line | CWML | 2.08 GHz | 1.89 ps | 11.3 | [40] |
SESAM | Dual line | Q–switched | 5.4 MHz | 11 ns | 74 | [41] | ||
Yb:KLuW | 1040 | SWCNTs | Surface cladding | Q–switched | 1.16 MHz | 88.5 ns | 61 | [33] |
Yb:KLuW | 1042.3 | SWCNTs | Cladding | CWML | 0.5 GHz | 2.05 ps | 30.8 | [63] |
Yb:CaF2 | 1045.2 | ReS0.2Se1.2 | Cladding | Q–switched | 125~692.5 kHz | 513 ns | 9.4 | [62] |
Nd:YVO4 | 1064 | Bi2Se3 | Cladding | QSML | 6.436 GHz | 52 ps | 46 | [64] |
MoS2 | 6.48 GHz | 43 ps | 56 | |||||
Bi2Se3 | 6.556 GHz | 26 ps | 33 | |||||
Nd:LGGG | 1061 and 1063 | – | Cladding | SQSML | 8.03 GHz | 30 ps | 25.38 | [27] |
Nd:YAG | 1061 and 1064 | graphene | Cladding | CWML | 9.8 GHz | 102 ps | – | [61] |
Nd:YAP | 1079 and 1064 | MoS2 | S–curved cladding waveguide | QSML | 7.9 GHz | 64 ps | 14.10 | [25] |
31.68 GHz | 16 ps | 14.1 | ||||||
Er:YLiF4 | 2717 | – | Cladding | SQS | 368 kHz | 240 ns | 15.2 | [57] |
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Zhang, Y.; Yu, B.; Zhang, Z.; Duan, X.; Wang, J. Developments of Waveguide Lasers by Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Technology. Photonics 2024, 11, 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090803
Zhang Y, Yu B, Zhang Z, Duan X, Wang J. Developments of Waveguide Lasers by Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Technology. Photonics. 2024; 11(9):803. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090803
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yang, Boyan Yu, Zihao Zhang, Xinghao Duan, and Junli Wang. 2024. "Developments of Waveguide Lasers by Femtosecond Laser Direct–Writing Technology" Photonics 11, no. 9: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090803