Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. B5G with IRSs
1.2. Recent Surveys on IRSs
1.3. Contributions of This Survey
- A brief introduction and summary of the mirror array-based IRS model in OWC systems.
- A detailed review of the recent development of mirror array-based and metasurface-based IRS in OWC systems.
2. Mirror Array-Based IRSs in OWC Systems
2.1. OWC System Model with Mirror Array-Based IRSs
2.2. OWC Systems with Mirror Array-Based IRSs
2.2.1. Channel Gain Optimization
Year | Optical Source | Channel Type | Receiver | Optimization Objective | Optimization Algorithm | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | LD | Free Space | PD | Outage probability | N/A | Dynamic channel | [47,48] |
2020 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel gain | Author’s algorithm | Energy efficient | [46] |
2021 | LED | Indoor | PD | Data rate | Sine–cosine algorithm | N/A | [22] |
2021 | LED | Indoor | PD | Data rate | Relaxing greedy algorithm | N/A | [49] |
2021 | LD | Free Space | PD | Outage probability | N/A | Atmospheric turbulence | [18,42] |
2021 | LED | Indoor | PD | Secure | PSO algorithm | N/A | [21] |
2022 | LD | Underwater | N/A | Outage probability | N/A | Underwater turbulence | [50] |
2022 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel gain | Genetic Algorithm | NOMA | [45] |
2022 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel gain | MM algorithm | SE maximization | [41] |
2022 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel gain | Cyclic search algorithm | MISO | [51] |
2022 | LED | Outdoor | PD | Channel gain | BSCI algorithm | V2V | [52] |
2023 | LD | Underwater | N/A | Outage probability | N/A | Underwater turbulence | [53] |
2023 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel gain | N/A | FD channel | [54] |
2023 | LED | Indoor | PD | Energy | ANN | SLIPT | [55] |
2024 | LED | Indoor | PD | Channel Gain | N-step localization algorithm | VLP | [40] |
2024 | LED | Indoor | PD | Secure | PSO algorithm | Multiple APs | [56] |
2024 | LED | Indoor | PD | Data rate | ANN-based algorithm | Blockage Avoidance | [57] |
Algorithm 1 MM algorithm to solve the IRS optimization problem [41] |
|
Algorithm 2 BSCI algorithm [52] |
|
2.2.2. Link Reliability Optimization
2.2.3. Data Rate Optimization
2.2.4. Security Optimization
2.2.5. Energy Optimization
3. Metasurface-Based IRSs in OWC Systems
3.1. Signal Reflection with Metasurface-Based IRSs
3.2. Signal Refraction with Metasurface-Based IRSs
3.2.1. Beam Shaping with Metasurface IRSs
3.2.2. FOV Enhancement with Metasurface IRSs
4. Conclusions and Future Scope
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACRLB | Achievable Cramer–Rao Lower Bound |
ANN | Artificial Neural Network |
AP | Access Point |
B5G | Beyond Fifth-Generation |
BER | Bit Error Rate |
BSCI | Binary Search–Conditional Iteration |
CAFAB | Circular Auto-Focusing Airy Beams |
CCC | Communication Control Center |
CDF | Cumulative Distribution Function |
CMOS | Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor |
CSI | Channel State Information |
DCO-OFDM | Direct Current-biased Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
DP-QPSK | Dual-Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying |
EE | Energy Efficiency |
EDFAs | Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers |
ETPM | Electrically Tunable Multifunctional Polarization-Dependent Metasurface |
FD | Frequency Domain |
FEC | Forward Error Correction |
FOV | Field of View |
FSO | Free-Space Optics |
GA | Genetic Algorithm |
Gbps | Gigabits per second |
GML | Geometric and Misalignment Loss |
IM/DD | Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection |
IRS | Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces |
LC | Liquid crystal |
LCP | Left-Handed Circularly Polarized |
LD | Laser Diode |
LED | Light-Emitting Diode |
LP | Linearly Polarized |
LOS | Line-of-Sight |
MEC | Mobile Edge Computing |
MEMS | Micro-Electromechanical Systems |
MIMO | Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output |
MISO | Multiple-Input–Single-Output |
ML | Maximum Likelihood |
MM | Minorization–Maximization |
mmWave | Millimeter-Wave |
NLOS | Non-Line-of-Sight |
NOMA | Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access |
OTOPS | Oceanic Turbulence Optical Power Spectrum |
OWC | Optical Wireless Communication |
OXC | Optical Cross Connector |
PD | Photodiode |
Probability Density Function | |
PDL | Polarization-Dependent Loss |
PIN | Positive–Intrinsic–Negative |
PSO | Particle Swarm Optimization |
PtMP | Point-to-Multipoint |
QOS | Quality of Service |
QP | Quadratic Programming |
RCP | Right-Handed Circularly Polarized |
RF | Radiofrequency |
RGB | Red, Green, and Blue |
RMSE | Root-Mean-Square Error |
ROP | Received optical power |
RSS | Reflected Spot Search |
RSS | Received Signal Strength |
SE | Spectral Efficiency |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
SISO | Single-Input–Single-Output |
SLIPT | Simultaneous Lightwave Information and Power Transfer |
SNR | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
SOI | Silicon-On-Insulator |
Tbps | Terabits per second |
TDMA | Time-Division Multiple Access |
THz | Terahertz |
UAV | Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |
UOWC | Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
V2V | Vehicle-to-Vehicle |
VLC | Visible-Light Communication |
VLP | Visible-Light Positioning |
WDM | Wavelength-Division Multiplexing |
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mmWave Systems | THz Systems | OWC System | FSO System | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distance | Long (several kilometers in ideal conditions, tens to hundreds of meters in urban environments) | Short (a few meters to several hundreds of meters in ideal conditions) | Limited (tens to hundreds of meters indoors) | Several kilometers (can be much longer in space-based systems (lunar-to-Earth or deep space)) |
Carrier frequency | Low (30 GHz to 300 GHz) | Moderate (0.1 THz to 10 THz) | High (hundreds of THz) | High (hundreds of THz) |
Bandwidth | Several GHz | Tens to hundreds of GHz | Broad (in the order of THz) | Broad (in the order of THz) |
Data rate | Tens of Gbps | Tens to hundreds of Gbps | Tbps | Tbps |
Reference | Year | Area of Focus |
---|---|---|
RF Systems | ||
Gong et al. [29] | 2020 | • IRS applications and design in future wireless networks • Concepts and reconfigurability • Joint optimization • Performance improvements |
Hassouna et al. [30,31] | 2023 | • IRSs in enhancing wireless networks • Hardware, control, and channel models • Performance metrics • Challenges |
Zheng et al. [32] | 2022 | • IRS-aided wireless communications • Design issues • New architectures • Applications |
mmWave/THz Systems | ||
Chen et al. [33] | 2021 | • IRSs in THz communications for 6G • Application scenarios • Enabling technologies • Challenges |
Raza et al. [34] | 2022 | • IRSs in THz communication for B5G/6G • Performance analysis • Enhancing reliability and data rates |
Zhu et al. [35] | 2022 | • IRSs in 6G vehicular communications • Signal strength and security • Positioning accuracy |
Mohsan et al. [36] | 2022 | • IRS and UAV integration • Literature and technologies • Application scenarios |
OWC Systems | ||
Abumarshoud et al. [25] | 2021 | • IRS-assisted LiFi systems • IRS architecture • Operational elements • Major challenges |
Sylvester et al. [4] | 2023 | • IRSs in OWC systems • Indoor applications • Key challenges |
This survey | 2024 | • IRSs in OWC systems • Mirror array models • Recent developments • Major challenges and future scope |
Year | Application Type | Operation Wavelength | Dimensions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Reconfigurable beam system for NLOS OWC | 1520–1620 nm | N/A | [62] |
2020 | Electro-optically tunable multifunctional metasurfaces | 1522 nm | 400 nm periodicity, various layer thicknesses | [63] |
2021 | Liquid-crystal IRS-based receivers | 600 nm | 0.75 mm thicknesses | [61] |
2021 | Electrically Tunable Polarization-Dependent Metasurfaces for dynamic optical applications | 450 nm, 532 nm, 635 nm | 400 nm period, 500 nm height TiO2 nanofins | [64] |
2021 | Perovskite metasurface for multiscale-optimized VLC | 535–580 nm | 135 nm depth, 295–460 nm period | [65] |
2022 | Beam-steering metasurfaces for full-duplex optical communication | 1550 nm | 2 mm × 2 mm | [66] |
2022 | Liquid-crystal IRS-based receivers | 510–670 nm | 0.75 mm thicknesses | [28] |
2023 | Metasurface-enhanced coherent multichannel OWC | 1550–1555.8 nm | 801.6 m × 801.6 m | [59] |
2024 | UOWC with metasurfaces auto-focusing Airy beam transmitter | 440–640 nm | 300 nm period, 800 nm height TiO2 nanopillars | [67] |
2024 | Tunable metasurfaces with fluid responsiveness | 1550 nm | 500 m × 500 m | [60] |
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Fang, C.; Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, K. Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces. Photonics 2024, 11, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090830
Fang C, Li S, Wang Y, Wang K. Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces. Photonics. 2024; 11(9):830. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090830
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Chengwei, Shuo Li, Yinong Wang, and Ke Wang. 2024. "Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces" Photonics 11, no. 9: 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090830