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Correction published on 12 October 2022, see Photonics 2022, 9(10), 759.
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Review

Intravital Imaging with Two-Photon Microscopy: A Look into the Kidney

by
Vincenzo Costanzo
1 and
Michele Costanzo
2,3,*
1
Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, 40126 Bologna, Italy
2
Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
3
CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., 80145 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2022, 9(5), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050294
Submission received: 4 April 2022 / Revised: 23 April 2022 / Accepted: 26 April 2022 / Published: 27 April 2022 / Corrected: 12 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphoton Microscopy)

Abstract

Fluorescence microscopy has represented a crucial technique to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the field of biomedicine. However, the conventional one-photon microscopy exhibits many limitations when living samples are imaged. The new technologies, including two-photon microscopy (2PM), have considerably improved the in vivo study of pathophysiological processes, allowing the investigators to overcome the limits displayed by previous techniques. 2PM enables the real-time intravital imaging of the biological functions in different organs at cellular and subcellular resolution thanks to its improved laser penetration and less phototoxicity. The development of more sensitive detectors and long-wavelength fluorescent dyes as well as the implementation of semi-automatic software for data analysis allowed to gain insights in essential physiological functions, expanding the frontiers of cellular and molecular imaging. The future applications of 2PM are promising to push the intravital microscopy beyond the existing limits. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art methods of intravital microscopy, focusing on the most recent applications of 2PM in kidney physiology.
Keywords: intravital imaging; two-photon microscopy; kidney disease; renal physiology; machine learning intravital imaging; two-photon microscopy; kidney disease; renal physiology; machine learning

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Costanzo, V.; Costanzo, M. Intravital Imaging with Two-Photon Microscopy: A Look into the Kidney. Photonics 2022, 9, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050294

AMA Style

Costanzo V, Costanzo M. Intravital Imaging with Two-Photon Microscopy: A Look into the Kidney. Photonics. 2022; 9(5):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050294

Chicago/Turabian Style

Costanzo, Vincenzo, and Michele Costanzo. 2022. "Intravital Imaging with Two-Photon Microscopy: A Look into the Kidney" Photonics 9, no. 5: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050294

APA Style

Costanzo, V., & Costanzo, M. (2022). Intravital Imaging with Two-Photon Microscopy: A Look into the Kidney. Photonics, 9(5), 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050294

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