Unlocking Drone Potential in the Pharma Supply Chain: A Hybrid Machine Learning and GIS Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Advanced Air Mobility
2.2. Medical Drone Deliveries
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Mining Workflow
- Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) maintained by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the U.S. Census Bureau (USCB) [48]. Version 5 of the FAF dataset contained 2.2 million records. Each record contained the following information about freight moved: origin, destination, commodity type, transport mode, tonnage, and value.
- Shapefiles of U.S. counties from the TIGER™ dataset [49] maintained by the USCB. The 2021 version of the dataset defined the boundaries of all 3142 counties of the United States.
- A commodity flow survey geographies database [50]. The 2017 version of the dataset defined the U.S. counties that make up 130 commodity flow survey areas.
- (1)
- A table of origins by commodity type.
- (2)
- A table of destinations by commodity type.
3.2. Unsupervised Machine Learning
3.3. Distance Band Distribution
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Outlier MSAs
4.2. Distance Band Distribution
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Algorithm | Theory of Operations | Hyperparameters |
---|---|---|
DBSCAN | Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). Separates densely packed points from outliers. Initializes core points as those that are within distance d of k points. Grows a cluster by randomly labeling a core point as a cluster, and then grows that cluster by sequentially adding other core points that are within distance d until it assigns all core points to a cluster. Finally, it assigns non-core points to clusters that are within distance d. It labels the unassigned points as outliers. A: Finds clusters that linear hyperplanes cannot separate. D: Specification of d and k requires heuristics, which can be impractical for large feature spaces. | Normalize features: yes k: 4 d: 0.47 Distance: Euclidean |
Louvain | Extracts communities from networks by constructing a k-nearest neighbor graph with edges weighted by the number of shared neighbors. The algorithm labeled clusters based on edge density inside communities relative to between communities. A: Algorithms and process large networks quickly. D: The resolution parameter adjusts the cluster size, which can make it difficult to cluster small communities. | Normalize features: no PCA preprocessing: 2 Distance: Euclidean Number of neighbors: 12 Resolution: 5.0 |
k-means | Randomly selects one point per cluster, and then iteratively recalculates centroids while reassigning points to their nearest centroid. The algorithm converges once cluster reassignments stop, or the number of specified iterations is complete. A: Performs well when clusters are symmetrical. D: Specifying the number of clusters require heuristics. | Normalize features: no Number of clusters: 3 Initialization: k-means ++ Number of reruns: 10 Number of iterations: 300 |
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Bridgelall, R. Unlocking Drone Potential in the Pharma Supply Chain: A Hybrid Machine Learning and GIS Approach. Standards 2023, 3, 283-296. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3030021
Bridgelall R. Unlocking Drone Potential in the Pharma Supply Chain: A Hybrid Machine Learning and GIS Approach. Standards. 2023; 3(3):283-296. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleBridgelall, Raj. 2023. "Unlocking Drone Potential in the Pharma Supply Chain: A Hybrid Machine Learning and GIS Approach" Standards 3, no. 3: 283-296. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3030021