Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Can They Be Used as Ingredients in Making Sports Energy Gel?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characteristics of Physicochemical
2.1.1. pH
2.1.2. Total Soluble Solids (TSS)
2.1.3. Viscosity
2.1.4. Potassium Content
2.1.5. Energy Content
2.2. Sensory Characteristics
2.2.1. Color
2.2.2. Texture
2.2.3. Aroma
2.2.4. Flavor
2.3. The Best Formulation of Sports Energy Gel
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sports Energy Gel Production
4.2. Physicochemical Characteristics Analysis
4.3. Sensory Characteristics Analysis
4.4. Determination of the Best Treatment
- Panelists who had assessed the sports energy gel characteristics’ quality were asked to rank nine parameters of the sports energy gels: pH, total soluble solids, viscosity, potassium, gross energy, color, aroma, texture, and flavor. The results of the rankings were then summed and calculated on average for each parameter. The first rank parameter was the highest average value;
- The BV (valence weight) was calculated for each parameter. BV is the level of importance for each analyzed parameter. BV values range from 0–1. The BV calculation used the following formula:
- The best and the worst values for each analyzed parameter was determined. The best and the worst values were the averages of each treatment for each parameter. If the best value is the maximum value, then the worst value is the minimum value, and vice versa. After that, the difference between the two values was calculated with the following formula:Δ = The best value − The worst value
- The BN (relative weight) was determined for each analyzed parameter. BN is the relative weight of each parameter analyzed. BN values come from BV, which is calculated using the following formula:
- The NE (effectiveness value) of each analyzed parameter was determined with the following formula:BV = (treatment value − the worst value)/Δ
- The NH (result value), which is the weight of the best treatment comparison against other parameters, was determined, calculated with the following formula:NH = BN × NE
- The following formula was used to calculate the effectiveness index of each treatment:
4.5. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment 1 | Physicochemical Characteristics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viscosity (cP) | pH | Total Solids (%) | Potassium (mg/100 mL) | Energy (Kcal/100 mL) | |
SEG1 * | 367.4 ± 9.81 a | 5.2 ± 0.38 a | 10.6 ± 0.08 b | 19.6 ± 0.23 c | 60.24 ± 0.340 a |
SEG2 * | 405.4 ± 2.89 b | 5.5 ± 0.13 b | 9.4 ± 0.01 a | 16.9 ± 1.01 a | 58.01 ± 0.317 b |
SEG3 * | 423.9 ± 3.46 b | 5.9 ± 0.32 b,c | 9.7 ± 0.01 a | 17.9 ± 0.09 b | 41.83 ± 1.467 c |
Treatment 2 | Sensory Characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Color * | Texture * | Aroma | Flavor | |
SEG1 | 3.6 ± 0.49 b,c | 3.2 ± 0.87 a,b | 2.9 ± 1.02 | 2.6 ± 0.82 |
SEG2 | 3.08 ± 0.86 a | 2.8 ± 0.78 a | 2.8 ± 0.74 | 2.8 ± 0.89 |
SEG3 | 3.7 ± 0.46 c | 3.9 ± 0.78 b,c | 2.7 ± 0.69 | 2.9 ± 0.64 |
Variables | BV | BN | SEG1 | SEG2 | SEG3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NE | NH | NE | NH | NE | NH | |||
Energy | 0.48259 | 0.080 | 1.000 | 0.080 | 0.879 | 0.070 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Viscosity | 0.68657 | 0.114 | 1.000 | 0.114 | 0.188 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
pH | 0.51741 | 0.086 | 1.000 | 0.086 | 0.609 | 0.052 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total Soluble Solids | 0.46766 | 0.077 | 1.000 | 0.077 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Potassium | 0.83085 | 0.137 | 1.000 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.392 | 0.054 |
Aroma | 0.47264 | 0.078 | 1.000 | 0.078 | 0.143 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Flavor | 0.78607 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.375 | 0.049 | 1.000 | 0.130 |
Texture | 1 | 0.165 | 0.393 | 0.065 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.165 |
Color | 0.801 | 0.133 | 0.875 | 0.116 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.133 |
Total | 6.0 | 1.000 | 0.753 3 | 0.204 | 0.482 |
Ingredients (% w/w) | Treatments 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|
SEG1 | SEG2 | SEG3 | |
Chia seeds | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Maltodextrin | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
Dragon fruit juice | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Cucumber juice | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Xanthan gum | 0.1 | - | - |
Pectin | - | 0.1 | - |
CMC | - | - | 0.1 |
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Lestari, Y.N.; Farida, E.; Amin, N.; Afridah, W.; Fitriyah, F.K.; Sunanto, S. Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Can They Be Used as Ingredients in Making Sports Energy Gel? Gels 2021, 7, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040267
Lestari YN, Farida E, Amin N, Afridah W, Fitriyah FK, Sunanto S. Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Can They Be Used as Ingredients in Making Sports Energy Gel? Gels. 2021; 7(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040267
Chicago/Turabian StyleLestari, Yanesti Nuravianda, Eko Farida, Nur Amin, Wiwik Afridah, Fifi Khoirul Fitriyah, and Sunanto Sunanto. 2021. "Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Can They Be Used as Ingredients in Making Sports Energy Gel?" Gels 7, no. 4: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040267